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Anat > Lecture 17: GI > Flashcards

Lecture 17: GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the GI system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical processing
  3. Compaction
  4. Digestion
  5. Secretion
  6. Absorption
  7. Excretion
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2
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Food and liquid intake (oral cavity)

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3
Q

What is Mechanical processing?

A

Swirling, mixing, churning, propulsive motions in tract

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4
Q

What is Compaction?

A

Dehydration of undigested material and waste into feces (colon to anus)

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5
Q

What is Motility?

A

The movement of things that are ingested throughout the tube

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6
Q

What are the two methods of Motility?

A

Mechanical processing and Compaction

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7
Q

What is Secretion?

A

Adding acids, enzymes and buffers by accessory organs

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8
Q

What is Absorption?

A

Movement of molecules, electrolytes, vitamins and water into interstitial fluid to the rest of the body

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9
Q

What is Excretion?

A

Elimination of undigested residue and waste products

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10
Q

What is Secretion needed for in the GI tract?

A

For food to be able to move and to breakdown food in order to be able to absorb it

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11
Q

After being absorbed into the blood from the GI tube, where do the absorptions go?

A

To the liver

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12
Q

What does the liver decide?

A

What is allowed into the body and what is excreted

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13
Q

Where does the liver send nutrients?

A

To the heart to add oxygen to the nutrient rich blood

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14
Q

What are the Accessory Organs of the GI tract?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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15
Q

What is the order of parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract?

A

Oral Cavity ➡️ Pharynx ➡️ Esophagus ➡️ Stomach ➡️ Duodenum ➡️ Jejunum & Ileum ➡️ Large intestine ➡️ Anus

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16
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine in order?

A

Cecum ➡️ ascending ➡️ transverse ➡️ descending ➡️ sigmoid colon ➡️ rectum

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17
Q

What are the parts of the Small intestine in order?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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18
Q

Why is the Lumen of the GI tract extremely filled with lymphatic tissue?

A

Because it protects the body from what comes inside the tube

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19
Q

Why are the accessory organs considered accessory?

A

Because they dump into the tube but they do not directly contact ito contents

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20
Q

Which two systems are mixed in the Pharynx?

A

The Gastrointestinal and Respiratory system

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21
Q

Where does the Esophagus end?

A

The stomach in the abdominal cavity

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22
Q

Where do the Liver in Pancreas release their secretions?

A

The duodenum of the small intestines

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23
Q

Which accessory organs are released into the Duodenum of the small intestine?

A

The liver and the pancreas

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24
Q

Why is the Gallbladder not considered a Gland?

A

Because it is just a pouch that stores bile

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25
Q

Where does the majority of absorption occur?

A

The jejunum and the ileum

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26
Q

What are the 4 basic layers of the Gastrointestinal tube?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscular externis layer
  • Serosa
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27
Q

What is the first layer at the lumen of the Gastrointestinal tube?

A

The Mucosa

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28
Q

What is the outermost layer of the GI tube?

A

The Serosa

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29
Q

What does the Serous membrane (Serosa) of the GI tube do?

A

Help lubricate and produce water and fluid and prevent friction

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30
Q

What tissue are glands made of?

A

Epithelium

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31
Q

What do Exocrine glands secrete into in term of the the GI system?

A

The GI tube

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32
Q

What do the Endocrine glands secrete into in terms of the GI system?

A

Into surrounding CT

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33
Q

How are the Liver and Pancreas associated with the blood?

A

They produce hormones that are secreted into the circulatory system

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34
Q

What tissues are is the Mucosa made of of the GI tube made of?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria (CT)
Muscularis Mucosa

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35
Q

How does the Epithelium of the mucosa of the GI tract vary?

A

It can vary between stratified and or simple depending on the portion of the GI tract

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36
Q

When is the Epithelium of the Mucosa of the GI tract stratified epithelium?

A

At the beginning and the end of the tube because these are high stress areas

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37
Q

When is the Epithelium of the Mucosa of the GI tract simple epithelium and why?

A

In the inner parts to absorb as much as possible

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38
Q

What connective tissue is associated with the mucosa epithelium of the GI tube?

A

Lamina Propria

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39
Q

What is the function Lamina Propria of the mucosa?

A

Contain lymphatics and glands

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40
Q

What do the Glands of the Lamina Propria of the Mucosa do?

A

Fill with mucus to help with motility of food as it move down

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41
Q

What is the layer of muscle found in the Mucosa known as?

A

Muscularis Mucosa

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42
Q

What is the function of the Muscularis Mucosa of the Mucosa of the GI tube?

A

Squish anything that needs to go into the lumen, like the mucus found in glands

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43
Q

What is the name of the second layer of the GI tube

A

Submucosa

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44
Q

What kind of tissue is the Submucosa of the GI tube made of?

A

Connective Tissue

45
Q

What is the function of the Submucosa of the GI tube?

A

•It serves as a conduit for vasculatures, nerves, lymphatics

46
Q

What is contain in the Submucosa of the GI tube?

A
  • Immune cells
  • Exocrine glands,
  • Submucosal plexus
47
Q

Which layer of the GI tube is the submucosal plexus found?

A

The Submucosa

48
Q

What is the function of the Submucosa Plexus?

A

Controls everything found in the submucosa layer (glands)

49
Q

What is the third layer of the GI tube?

A

The muscularis externis

50
Q

What kind of muscle is the Muscularis Externis of the GI tube made of?

A

Smooth muscle

51
Q

What is the orientation of the inner smooth muscle of the Muscularis externis?

A

Circular

52
Q

What is the orientation of the outer smooth muscle of the Muscularis externis?

A

Longitudinal

53
Q

What is the orientation of the Muscularis Externis smooth muscle in the stomach?

A

It has a third layer of Oblique smooth muscle

54
Q

What is unique about the Muscular Externis at the beginning and end of the GI tube?

A

It is no longer smooth muscle it it skeletal (somatic) muscle

55
Q

What are the layers of the Muscularis Externis of the GI tube?

A

Inner circular smooth muscle and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

56
Q

What plexus is found in the Muscularis Externis of the GI tube?

A

The Myenteric Plexus

57
Q

Where is the Myenteric Plexus found?

A

In the Muscularis Externis of the GI tract

58
Q

What does the Myenteric Plexus control?

A

The two layers of the Muscularis Externis

59
Q

What is the fourth layer of the GI tube called?

A

The Serosa

60
Q

What is the Serosa made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

61
Q

What is the function of the Serosa?

A

Produces watery fluid that lubricates the peritoneal surfaces

62
Q

How many layers of Serosa are there?

A

Two

63
Q

What is the Mesentery of the Serosa?

A

The two layers of the Serosa that form a sandwich overtop of vessels and allow them to pass through

64
Q

Where is the Oral Cavity located?

A

The head

65
Q

How are the Oral cavity and Respiratory system connected?

A

Through the Pharynx

66
Q

Why is the Esophagus important?

A
  • Ensures everything that is ingested is brought to the stomach
  • Transitions between skeletal to smooth muscle
67
Q

What is the transition from skeletal to smooth muscle in the GI system?

A

The Esophagus

68
Q

What is the Position of the Esophagus as you go down?

A

It is initially posterior behind the trachea but sits right beside the Aorta but hits the front once it gets to the diaphragm

69
Q

Why is the Aorta in the back?

A

Because when the diaphragm contracts it closes off the inferior vena cava and the esophagus but we don’t want that to happen to the Aorta

70
Q

What is the color of the Gallbladder?

A

Green

71
Q

Where do the Abdominal quadrant lines intersect?

A

The umbilicus (belly button)

72
Q

What is found in the RUQ?

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Duodenum
  • Right kidney
73
Q

What is found in the LUQ?

A
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Left kidney
  • Body and tail of pancreas
74
Q

What is found in the RLQ?

A
  • Appendix
  • Cecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Ileum
75
Q

What is found in the LLQ?

A
  • Ileum

* Descending & sigmoid colon

76
Q

Which organ is found in both the RUQ and LUQ?

A

Pancreas

77
Q

Which organ is found in both the RLQ and LLQ?

A

Ileum

78
Q

What are the 3 planes of the Abdominal region?

A
  • Midclavicular plane
  • Subcostal plane
  • Intertubercular plane
79
Q

What are the 3 middle abdominal regions created by the planes from top to bottom?

A
  • Epigastric Region
  • Umbilical region
  • Pubic region
80
Q

What are the 3 middle regions separated by planes in the abdomen associated with?

A

Vasculature and innervation referred in that area

81
Q

What is the Peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane lining the peritoneal (abdominal) body wall and organs

82
Q

What does the Parietal Peritoneum line?

A

The entire peritoneal cavity (body wall)

83
Q

What does the Visceral Peritoneum line?

A

The peritoneal organs (viscera)

84
Q

What is the Mesentery (Proper)?

A

A sandwich of visceral peritoneum that serves as a conduit for vessels and also anchors organs to the body wall

85
Q

What anchors organs to the body wall?

A

The Mesentery Proper

86
Q

What is the Greater Omentum?

A

The mesentery from the greater curvature of the stomach to transverse colon (apron-like)

87
Q

What is Lesser Omentum?

A

The mesentery from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

88
Q

Which organ in the abdominal cavity is not surrounded by visceral peritoneum?

A

The pancreas

89
Q

What is the meaning of Intraperitoneal?

A

Everything inside the peritoneal cavity and surrounded by visceral peritoneum

90
Q

What is the meaning of Retroperitoneum?

A

Everything not surrounded by visceral peritoneum or tacked to the body wall is retroperitoneal

91
Q

Which organs are Intraperitoneal?

A

Most of the gut tube and liver

92
Q

What is characteristic of Intraperitoneal organs?

A

They are surrounded by visceral peritoneum and has a mesentery

93
Q

What Peritoneum is are retroperitoneal organs surrounded by?

A

Parietal peritoneum

94
Q

Which organs are Retroperitoneal?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Anything not associated with the GI system
  • Kidneys and adrenal glands
  • Pancreas
  • Duodenum
  • Ascending and Descending colon
95
Q

What is the general rule for organs that are Retroperitoneal?

A

Anything that is not associated with the gut tube itself

96
Q

Which parts of the tube are Retroperitoneal?

A

The duodenum, the ascending and descending colon and the rectum

97
Q

What three regions is the gut split into based on the vasculature?

A
  • Foregut
  • Midgut
  • Hindgut
98
Q

Where does the Foregut span?

A

Abdominal esophagus to descending part of the duodenum

99
Q

Where does the Midgut span?

A

From the descending part of the duodenum to the left clic flexure of the transverse colon

100
Q

Where does the Hindgut span?

A

From the left colic flexure of the transverse colon to rectum

101
Q

What is the vasculature and innervation for the Foregut done by?

A

The celiac trunk

102
Q

What is the vasculature and innervation for the Midgut done by?

A

Superior Mesenteric artery

103
Q

What is the vasculature and innervation for the Hindgut done by?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

104
Q

What is the Renal Artery associated with?

A

The urinary system

105
Q

What is the Gonadal artery associated with?

A

Reproductive system

106
Q

What it the difference in arteries and veins of the GI tract?

A

There is no Celiac vein only a splenic vein instead

107
Q

Where do all the veins from the GI tube go?

A

To the liver via the Portal Vein

108
Q

What is the composition of the Portal Vein?

A

Non-oxygenated but nutrient rich blood

109
Q

Where does everything in the abdomen that is not the GI empty blood into?

A

The inferior vena cava

Anat (26 decks)

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