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BIOL 1191 > lecture 9 - special senses > Flashcards

lecture 9 - special senses Flashcards

1
Q

4 steps of sensation

A

stimulation
transduction
generation
integration

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2
Q

special sense (5)

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

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3
Q

receptors for smell

A

olfactory epi
chemoreceptors

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4
Q

basal epithelial cells (below cribriform plate0

A

stem cells taht make new sensory neurons for smell

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5
Q

olfactory glands (bowmanss glands)

A

produce mucus to dissolve odorants
stimulated by facial nerve

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6
Q

non motile cilia

A

site of olfactory transduction

contain olfactory receptor protiens that detect chemicals

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7
Q

how does olfaction work (5)

A
  1. odorants bind to neurons
  2. stimulates G proteins which activates adenylate cyclase
  3. adenylate cyclase releases cAMP (second messenger protein)
  4. cAMP opens Na and K channels
  5. depolarization -> graded potential
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8
Q

olfacotry pathway (3)

A

axons from olfactory neurons form CN 1

synapse in olfactory bulb with mitral cells

form olfactory tract that synapses with primary olfacotry area in temporal lobe

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9
Q

note: olfactory pahtway is the only special sense that skips the thalamus and goes str8 to the cortex

A

: D

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10
Q

how is olfaction related to memory and association n shit

A

some axons within the olfactory tract reach the limbic system and hypothalamus which activates emotional/memory responses to odour. others can reach orbitofrontal cortex where odours are identified

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11
Q

5 classes of taste

A

sour, bitter, sweet, salty, umami

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12
Q

papillae

A

elevations on the tongue

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13
Q

4 types of papillae

A

vallate pappilae
fungiform
foliate
filiform

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14
Q

3 types of papillae that contain taste buds

A

vallate
fungiform
foliate - most die in childhood

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15
Q

vallate papillae

A

located at teh bakc of the tongue, contain 100-300 taste buds each

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16
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered over tongue, contain 5 ish taste buds. each

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17
Q

foliate papillae

A

located in lateral trenches of tonuge, has taste buds but most of them degenerate in childhood

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18
Q

vallate papillae appearance

A

fat ass ones at the bakc of the tongue

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19
Q

fungiform papillae appearnace

A

scattered dots

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20
Q

foliate papillae appearace

A

shark gills on the sides of the tongue

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21
Q

filiform papillae. appearance

A

fuckin everywhere, lil flamy ones

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22
Q

filiform papillae

A

contain tongues tactile receptors
increase friction on the tongue to make it easier for it to move food in the mouth

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23
Q

3 types of cells in a taste bud

A

gustatory receptor cells
supporting epi cells
basal epi cells

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24
Q

gustatory receptor cells

A

blue cells not touchin the bottom of the taste bud

~50 per taste bud

have a gustatory hair (microvilli) out the top

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25
Q

basal epi cells (taste buds0

A

develop into new receptor cell every 10 days

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26
Q

note: all primary tastes can be detected on all parts of the tongue becuase one taste bud contains all types of receptors for each tastatn

A

;D

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27
Q

molecule for each tastent (thing that is actually picked up by the receptors once dissolved)

A

salty - Na
sour - H
sweet/bitter/umami - IP3
(inositol triphosphate)

taste combos = buncha dif ones

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28
Q

gustatory receptor cells are (free, encasuplated, other cell)

A

other cell

the “other cell” is the gustatory receptor, which makes another GP to first order neurons

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29
Q

gustatory pathwya

A

first order gustatory fibres are in cranual nerves 7/9/10

then thalamus, then primary gustatoru area in insula

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30
Q

how does taste relate to emotion n shit

A

soem axons in teh gustatory pathway make it to limbic system or hypothalamus where they are connected with memmories n emotions

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31
Q

note: more than half of the bodys sensory receptors are in the eyes

A

: (

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32
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera

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33
Q

tarsal plate

A

CT that gives shape to the eyelids

contains tarsal glands that lubricate

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34
Q

stye

A

bacterial infection of sebaceous ciliary gland in eyelash hair follicles

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35
Q

chalazion

A

infection/blockage of the tarsal glands

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36
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

lac gland
excretory lac ducts
drain into lac canaliculi
lac sac
nasolacrimal duct
nasal cavity

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37
Q

what innervates the lacrimal glands

A

facial nerve

PSNS

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38
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme in tears

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39
Q

nerves that innervate extrinsic eye muscles

A

abducens, occulomotor, trochlear

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40
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A

fibrous layer - cornea/sclera
vascular layer - choroid, iris, ciliary body
inner layer - retina

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41
Q

how does the cornea receive o2

A

from the air

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42
Q

layeres of the cornea

A

nonkeratinized Strat squamous epi

collagen fibres / fibroblasts

simple squamous epi

superificial to deep

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43
Q

sclera functions

A

gives shape to eye
coveres whole eye except where cornea is
attachemt for eye muscles

44
Q

keratoconus cornea

A

bulging of cornea

45
Q

choroid functions

A

nourish retina
contain melanocytes that absorb scattered light

46
Q

ciliary body consist of

A

melanocytes
ciliary processes
ciliary muscle (smooth, CN3)

47
Q

pupil diamter is controlled by

A

autonomic NS

48
Q

in bright light what happens to the pupil

A

circular muscle fibres contract to constrict pupil

done by PSNS, CN3

49
Q

in dim light what happens ot the pupil

A

radial muscle fibres contract to dilate pupil

done by SNS, CN3

50
Q

macula lutea

A

center of retina

51
Q

fovea centralis

A

small dip in centre of macula lutea

52
Q

layers of retina

A

pigmented layer - base, simple ish
neural layer - rods/cons/complex as shit

53
Q

layers of the neural layer of the retina and what is in them (big one) (deep to superficial)

A

photoreceptor layer
- rods/cones
outer synaptic layer
- synapse between rods/cones and bipolar cells
bipolar cell layer
- where bipolar cells are located (along iwht amacrine and horizontal cells)
inner synaptic cell layer
- where bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells
ganglion cell layer
- where ganglion cells are

54
Q

CRVO

A

central retinal vein occlusion

55
Q

CRVO

A

partial or complete retinal vein obsruction

no cure
systemic

56
Q

retinal detachment

A

detachment of neural poriton of the retina from the pigmented layer, where fluid accumulated between them

causes distorted vision and blindness is corresponding area

57
Q

anterior segment

A

contains anterior and posterior chambers

58
Q

anterior chamber

A

between cornea and iris

filled with aqueous humor

59
Q

posterior chamber

A

between iris and lens

filled with aqueous humor

60
Q

aqueous humour

A

produced by ciliary body from filtering blood

continuously drained and replaces

nourishes lens and cornea

61
Q

posterior segment

A

between lens and retina

filled with vitreous humour

62
Q

vitreous humour

A

holds retina against choroid to maintain and even surface

formed only once

contains phagocytes

old people have vitreal floaters

63
Q

intraocular pressure

A

produces by mainly aqueous humor and partially vtireous

maintains and supports the eyeball shape

64
Q

glaucoma

A

abnormally high intraocular pressure form buildup of aqeous humor inside the eyeball which damages the retina

second most common cause of blindness to cataracts

65
Q

lens

A

focuses light on retina

held in place by zonular fibres

avascular, made of clear proteins

66
Q

cataracts

A

clouding of the lens
caused by genetics and aging

fixed by surgery

67
Q

3 processes the eyes use to form a clear image on the retina

A

refraction of light by cornea and lens
- bend so light falls on fovea centralis

accomodation of the lens
- changes lens shape so light is focuses

constriction of pupil
- decreased light enters eye

68
Q

refraction

A

bending of light as it passes from one substance to another with different density

75% done by cornea, rest by lens

69
Q

lens changes in order to

A

view near or far objects

70
Q

when viewing a far object;

A

the zonular fibres are tight, lens is flat, and ciliary muscle is relaxed

71
Q

when veiwing a close object

A

zolunar fibres = loose
lens = rounded
ciliary muscle - contracted

72
Q

pupillary constriction

A

contraction of circular iris muscles constricts pupil

prevents light from entering through lens edge to sharpen vission

protects retina from bright ilght

73
Q

3 layers of retinal cells

A

photoreceptor layer
bipolar cell layer
ganglion cell layer

74
Q

rods

A

cylindrical outer segment
- for balck and white vision in dim light
- 120 million
- along periphery of retina

75
Q

cones

A

cone shapes outer segment
- for sharp colour vision
- 6 million
- in fovea centralis for visual acuity

76
Q

photoreceptors parts

A

outer segment
inner segment
proximal end

77
Q

outer segement of photoreceptors

A

rods - rod shaped stack of free floatinf discs

cones - cone shaped disc with lots of folds

site of transduction

78
Q

inner segment of photoreceptors

A

contains cell nucleus, golgi complex, mitochondria

79
Q

proximal end of photoreceptors

A

synaptic terminals synapse with bipolar cells here

80
Q

photopigments

A

coloured protein that undergoes structural changes when is absorbs light

located in outer segment of photoreceptors

81
Q

photopigments in rods

A

rhodopsin

82
Q

photopigments in cones

A

photopsins (red bleu and green)

83
Q

photopigments contain: (2)

A

opsin

retinal - light absorbing part

84
Q

opsin

A

glycoprotein in photopigments

undergoes structural change when light is absorbed leading to receptors potential

wire looking

85
Q

photopigment response to light cycle steps (4)

A

isomerization
bleaching
retinal isomerase
regeneration

cycle is much faster in cones (seconds, minutes in rods)

86
Q

isomerization

A

first step in photopigments response to light

light causes retinal to change shape (from cis reginal (bent) to trans retinal (straight)) which results in a graded potential

87
Q

retinal

A

key like part of photoreceptors

88
Q

bleaching

A

second step in photopigment response to light

retinal separates from opsin, photopigment is now unresponsive to light

89
Q

retinal isomerase (conversion)

A

third step of photopigment response to light cycle

retinal isomerase bends retinal back to its OG shape (cis retinal, bent)

90
Q

regeneration

A

4th step in photopigment response to light cycle

retinal binds to photopigment reforming a functional photopigment

91
Q

light adaption

A

decreases sensitivity quickly
- rods contribute little to light vision bc of slow regen
- cones predominent

92
Q

dark adaption

A

increases sensitivity slowly
- after a few mins in dark, rods regenerate and gain responsiveness to light
- rods predominent

93
Q

phototransduction

A

when light is coverted into a receptor potential

occurs in outer segment

94
Q

NOTE: in the visual system, activation of a photoreceptors causes a hyperpolarizing receptor potential

a photoreceptor as rest in the dark is relatively depolarized

A

:)

95
Q

formation of receptor potentials (5)

IN DARKNESS ONLY

A
  1. cis retinal present
  2. high cGMP production by guanylyl cyclase
  3. cGMP gated channels open
  4. inflow fo NA depolarizes receptor
  5. voltage gated Ca channels at synaptic terminals open
96
Q

in complete darkness a photorecptor is:

what does this create?

A

always partially depolarized (-40)

this creates continuous release of inhibitory neurotransmitter (glutamate) onto bipolar cells

97
Q

what do IPSPs do in the eyes?

A

IPSPs hyperpolarize bipolar cells and prevent them from sending signals to ganglion cells

98
Q

summary of how a receptor potential is formed in complete darkness (paragraph)

A

cis retinal (resting state of retinal) must be present, and this causes guanylyl cyclase to release lots of cGMP. this causes cGMP-gated channels to open, where Na will flow into the photoreceptor. voltage gated Ca channels at the synaptic cleft will then open and cause NTs to be released

99
Q

formation of receptor potentials (7)

IN LIGHT ONLY

A
  1. cis retinal must be converted to trans retinal
  2. transducin (a G protein) is activated by that switch
  3. cGMP phosphodiesterase is activated
  4. this leads to breakdown in cGMP
  5. cGMP channels will then close
  6. less inflow of Na = hyperpolarizing receptor potential
  7. decrease of voltage gated Ca channels, decrease of glutamate
100
Q

in light, what happens in a photoreceptor (4, long ones0

A

retinal changes shape, which activates enzymes that will clsoe the Na channels by breaking down cGMP

a hyperpolarizing receptor potential is produced

release of NTs onto bipolar cells preventing them from sending signals to ganglion cells are stopped

bipolar cells become excited and activate ganglion cells (first order neurons, and nerve impulses will travel to the brain

101
Q

summary of what happens in photoreceptors in the dark

A

retinal is cis, cGMP is produced, cGMP channels open, Na flows in, triggers voltage Ca gates to open, release of glutamate (inhibitory NT), inhibits bipolar cells from sending signals

102
Q

summary of what happens in photoreceptors in light (

A

cis retinal is converted to trans, transducin is activated, cGMP phosphodiesterase activated, breakdown of cGMP, Na inflow slows, hyperpolarizes receptor potential, glutamate release is stopped, bipolar cells can now send signals toe ganglion cells

103
Q

processing of visual light (7)

A
  1. light penetrates retina
  2. rods and cones transduce light into receptor potentials
  3. rods and cones excite bipolar cells
  4. bipolar cells excite ganglion cells
  5. axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve
  6. optic nerves cross at teh optic chiasm
  7. relayed to thalamus, then primary visual cortex
104
Q

convergence of neuron network in the eyes

A

126 mil photoreceptors converge into 1 mil ganglion cells

up to 600 robs synapse on a singel bipolar cell, increasing spatial sensitivity

one cone per bipolar cell, for visual acuity

105
Q

amacrine cells

A

transmit laterally directed inhibitory signals at bipolar/ganglion cell synapses

106
Q

where do signals about visual info travel to in the brain after the thalamus (3)

A

primary visual area in occipital lobe

hypothalamus - sleep patterns, circadian rhythms

brainstem - pupil size, coordination of head and eye movements (colliculi)

107
Q
A

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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