Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1191 > lecture 6 - integrative systems > Flashcards

lecture 6 - integrative systems Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

conscious or subconscious awareness of internal or external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perception

A

conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

perception involves: (2)

A

cerebral cortex
precise localization and identification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stimuli our bodies are not aware of (examples)

A

x rays, Uv light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sensory modality

A

a specific type of sensation (2 classes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 classes of sensory modality

A

general sense
(somatic, visceral)

special senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

general somatic senses

A

tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

general visceral senses

A

condition of internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

special senses

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

only occur in certain areas of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major events of a sensation (4)

A

stimulation
transduction of stimulus
generation of nerve impulse
integration of input in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which cortex area receives stimulus for touch?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

step 1 of the events of a sensation

A

stimulation of a receptor

stimulus must occur in receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

step 2 of the events of a sensation

A

transduction of stimulus to graded potential

stimuli converted into electrical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

step 3 of the events of a sensation

A

generation a nerve impulse

only if graded potential reaches threshold

neurons that conduct impulses from PNS direction to CNS = first order neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

first order neurons

A

neurones that conduct impulses from PNS directly to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

step 4 of the events in a sensation

A

integration of sensory input by the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

classification of sensory receptors (3)

A

microscopic structure

receptor location and activating stimuli

type of stimulus detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

classification of sensory receptors - micro structure (3)

A

free nerve endings or first order neurons

encapsulated endings of first order

separate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

classification of sensory receptors - receptor location and activating stimuli (3)

A

exteroceptors

interoceptors

proprioceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

classification of sensory receptors - type of stimulus detected (6)

A

mechanoreceptors
thermo
nocic
photo
cehmo
osmo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 types of microstructure of receptors - free nerve endings

A

bare dendrites of first order neuron

pain temp tickle itch

stimulus generates graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 types of microstructure of receptors - encapsulated nerve endings

A

first order neurons dendrites enclosed in CT capsule

pressure vibration deep touch

stimulus generates graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 types of microstructure of receptors - separate sensory cells

A

specialized cells that respond to stimuli synapse with the first order neuron

vision taste hearing balance

stimulus generates graded potential in receptor cell, which releases NTs to first order neuron, which generates a graded postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

exteroceptors

A

located near surface of body (external)

hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

interoceptors

A

location internally to monitor internal environment

usually subconscious besides pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

proprioceptors

A

located in muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear

sense Body position and movement, muscle length, and tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical stimuli (anything that stretches or bends cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect temperature change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

nociceptors

A

detect tissue damage (pain due to physical or chemical damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals

smell, taste, changes in body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

osmoreceptors

A

detect osmotic pressure in fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

adaption in sensory receptors

A

tendency for receptor potential to decrease in amplitude in response to maintained constant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

rapid adaptive receptors

A

smell, touch, vibration

specialized for detecting changes in environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

pain, position, chemical in blood

nerve impulses continue for duration of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

4 modalities of somatic sense

A

tactile
thermal
pain
proprioceptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

types of tactile receptors (6)

A

tactile corpuscles
hair root plexuses
non encapsulated sensory corpuscles
bulbous corpuscles
lamellar corpuscles
itch and tickle receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

tactile corpuscles

A

type of tactile receptor

touch, low freq vibrations

rapid adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hair root plexuses

A

type of tactile receptor

touch, movement on skin surface

rapid adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nonescapsulated sensory corpuscles

A

type of tactile receptor

continuous touch

slow adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

bulbous corpuscles

A

type of tactile receptor

touch (stretching), pressure

slow adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

lamellar corpuscles

A

type of tactile receptor

pressure, high freq vibration

slow and rapid adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

itch and tickle receptors

A

type of tactile receptor

itch and tickle

słów and rapid adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

tactile corpuscles location and appearance

A

located in dermal papillae

looks like a sperm

encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

hair root plexus location and appearance

A

wrapped around hair follicles in hairy skin

obvious appearance

free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

nonencapsulated sensory corpuscles location and appearance

A

tree shaped

in dermal papillae - contact stratum basale

free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

bulbous corpuscles location and appearance

A

placenta lookin ass ones

in dermis/sublayer

encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

pressure

A

sustained sensation felt over a larger area than touch

deeper deformation of skin

longer lasting and less intensity variation

sensed by lamellar corpuscles and bulbous corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

lamellar corpuscles location and appearance

A

big ass ball onion things

located in dermis and sub layer

encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

types of thermo receptors

A

warm and cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

thermoreceptors

A

2 types - warm and cold

free nerve endings

adapt rapidly at first, then slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

cold receptors activate between:

A

10-35 degrees C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

warm receptors activate between:

A

35 -45 degrees C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

nociceptors (in more detail)

A

free nerve endings

everywhere except the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

types of pain

A

fast pain and slow pain

superficial somatic pain

deep somatic pain

visceral pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

fast pain

A

acute

  • sharp
  • occurs within 0.1 sec
  • myelinated A nerve fibres
57
Q

slow pain

A

chronic

  • aching
  • begins slower - less than 1 sec
  • small, unmyelinated C nerve fibres
58
Q

superficial somatic pain

A

stimulates pain receptors in the skin

59
Q

deep somatic pain

A

stimulates receptors in skeletal muscle, joint etc

60
Q

visceral pain

A

stimulates pain in visceral organs

AKA referred pain (usually felt in the skin overlying the organ, but can extend farther, due to skin being services by the same spinal cord segment)

61
Q

largest area for referred pain

A

kidneys

62
Q

types of proprioceptors (3)

A

muscle spindles
tendon organs
joint kinaesthetic receptors

63
Q

muscle spindles

A

type of proprioceptor

deep in skeletal muscle

monitor length of muscle fibres

contains sensory neurons (free endings) and motor neurons

encapsulated by CT

neurones wrap 3-10 muscle fibres

64
Q

tendon organs

A

type of proprioceptor

located at the junction of tendon and muscle to monitor tension

surrounded by CT capsule

65
Q

joint kinaesthetic receptors

A

type of proprioceptor

found in articular capsules of synovial joints

detect joint position and movement

has bulbous/lamellar corpuscles and tendon organs for pressure, speed, and tension respectively

66
Q

first order neuron

A

carries impulses from somatic receptors to the CNS

67
Q

second order neuron

A

conducts impulses from CNS to thalamus

68
Q

third order neurons

A

conduct impulses from thalamus to cortex

69
Q

3 general pathways of somatic sensory impulses (how they ascend to cortex)

A

posterior column-medial lemniscus path

anterolateral (spinothalamic) path

trigeminothalamic pathway

70
Q

posterior column medial lemnisus pathway sensations

A

touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

from limbs, trunk, neck, posterior head region

71
Q

posterior column medial lemnisus pathway first order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - enters spinal cord, goes to medulla in posterior tract

body - posterior root ganglion

72
Q

posterior column medial lemnisus pathway second order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - ascends as medial lemniscus tract to thalamus

body - in medulla nuclei

73
Q

posterior column medial lemnisus pathway decussation point

A

medulla

74
Q

posterior column medial lemnisus pathway third order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - extends from thalamus to primary somatosensory area

body - in thalamus

75
Q

anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway sensations

A

pain, temp, touch, pressure

from limbs, trunk, neck, posterior head

76
Q

anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway first order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - synapses in spinal cord

body - posterior root ganglion

77
Q

anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway second order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - goes to thalamus from spinal cord as spinothalamic tract

body - in posterior grey horn

78
Q

anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway third order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - goes from thalamus to primary somatosensory area

body - in thalamus

79
Q

anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway decussation point

A

spinal cord

from posterior grey horn across grey commissure to spinothalamic tract

80
Q

spinothalamic tract location in spinal cord

A

anterior from corners

81
Q

trigeminothalamic pathway sensations

A

most somatic sensations from the face

touch, temp, pain etc

82
Q

trigeminothalamic pathway first order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - goes to pons or medulla

body - posterior root ganglion

83
Q

trigeminothalamic pathway second order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - go to thalamus as trigeminothalamic tract

body - medulla or pons

84
Q

trigeminothalamic pathway third order neuron axon and cell body

A

axon - goes to primary somatosensory area

body - in thalamus

85
Q

trigeminothalamic pathway decussation point

A

pons or medulla

86
Q

which sensory pathway is for vibration in the trunk?

A

posterior column medial lemniscus

87
Q

which sensory pathway is for pain in the body

A

anterolateral (spinothalamic)

88
Q

which sensory pathway is for temp in the face?

A

trigeminothalamic

89
Q

thalamus

A

sorts of filters into according to the areas the body sensations are coming from

90
Q

why do axon collaterals of somatic sensory neurons also carry signals to the cerebellum

A

essential for posture, balance, and coordination

these senses are not consciously perceived

91
Q

major routes for signals to reach cerebellum (2)

do these tracts decussate

A

anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tract

these tracts do not decussate

92
Q

2 neurons involved in somatic motor pathways

A

upper motor and lower motor (UMN and LMN)

93
Q

upper motor neurons facts (3)

A

technically an interneuron

cell Body in CNS motor area

axon mostly in cortex

94
Q

lower motor neuron facts

A

extends from brainstem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles

known as the final common pathway

cell body in lower parts of CNS

95
Q

pathways of LMNs in head and body

A

head
brainstem -> cranial nerves -> skeletal muscle

body
spinal cord -> spinal nerves -> skeletal muscle

96
Q

4 neural circuits that control movement by providing input to lower motor neurons (somatic motor pathways)

basically what 4 neurons connects to LMNs

A

local circuit neurons
upper motor neurons
corpus striatum neurons
cerebellar neurons

97
Q

two types of upper motor neuron pathways

A

direct (pyramidal) pathways

indirect pathways

98
Q

direct motor neuron pathways

A

provide input to LMNs via axons that come directly from cerebral cortex

follow corticospinal (lateral /anterior ) or corticobulbar tracts

direct, hence the name

99
Q

indirect motor neuron pathways

A

provide input to lower motor neurons from motor centres in the brainstem

extra steps basically

could go from motor cortex to corpus striatum to brainstem to LMNs, lots of pathways that are just not direct

100
Q

control of body movement involves: (3)

A

cerebral cortex
corpus striatum
cerebellum

101
Q

how does the cerebral Cortex control body movement?

A

premotor and primary motor cortexes

initiate and control precise movements

102
Q

how does the corpus striatum control body movement?

A

help establish muscle tone and initiate and terminate movements

103
Q

how does the cerebellum control body movement?

A

helps make movements smooth, maintain posture and balance

104
Q

primary motor cortex location

A

in pre central gyrus of frontal lobe

105
Q

premotor area function

A

creates “motor plan”

receives input from association areas via corpus striatum

106
Q

lateral corticospinal tract movements

A

distal part of limbs, hands, feet

skilled movements

107
Q

lateral corticospinal tract pathways steps (4)

A

primary motor cortex
cerebral peduncle
medulla (decussates in pyramids)
descends in lateral white funiculi

108
Q

lateral corticospinal tract synapses with _____ at _______

A

synapses with local circuit neurons or LMNs in the anterior grey horn

109
Q

anterior corticospinal tract movements

A

trunk and proximal parts of limbs

110
Q

anterior corticospinal tract pathway steps (4)

A

primary motor cortex
cerebral peduncle
pyramids of medulla
descends in anterior white funiculi

111
Q

lateral corticospinal tract decussation point

A

pyramid of medulla

112
Q

anterior corticospinal tract decussation point

A

in anterior white commissure, just before synapsing with LMN/local circuit neurons in anterior grey horn

113
Q

anterior corticospinal tract synapses with _____- at ______

A

local circuit neurons or LMNs in anterior grey horn

114
Q

corticobulbar tract movements

A

skeletal muscles in the head

eyes, tongue, neck, expression, mastication etc

115
Q

corticobulbar tract pathway steps (3)

A

primary motor cortex
cerebral peduncle
brainstem

116
Q

corticobulbar tract decussation point

A

some fibres decussate, others done (50%?)

in medulla/pons/midbrain

117
Q

corticobulbar tract synapses with ______ at ______

A

axons of UMNs terminate in nuclei of all motor or mixed cranial nerves (all but 1,,2, 8)

118
Q

anterior corticospinal tract - what does this tract look like in the spinal cord?

A

really smalll tract, on either side of the anterior median fissure

119
Q

lateral corticospinal tract - what does this tract look like in the spinal cord?

A

big tract, lateral sides of cord, posterior half of the lateral funiculi

120
Q

indirect pathway facts (

A

all motor pathways other Thant the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

axons from UMNs descend into 5 major tracts

synapse with local circuit neurons or LMNs

mostly control involuntary movement

121
Q

indirect pathways (just names, no detail, 5)

A

vestibulospinal
lateral and medial reticulospinal
tectospinal
rubrospinal

122
Q

connections of the corpus striatum (

A

receive info from: sensory, motor, association cortexes

outputs info to: thalamus, motor centres in brainstem

123
Q

corpus striatum regulates: (3)

A

movement initiation and termination

muscle tone

non motor processes (memory, attention)

124
Q

parkinsons disease have a degeneration of what?

A

dopamine releasing neurons that extend from substantial nigra to corpus striatum

125
Q

huntingtons disease facts (

A

inherited disorder
degeneration putamen and caudate nucleus (nuclei in corpus striatum)
loss of neurons that makes AcH

126
Q

4 aspects of cerebellar function

A

monitor intentions for movement
monitor actual movement
compare intention with performance
send out corrective feedback

ex. serving a vball, intending on getting it in. action is carried out, balll goes too far. feedback sent out to hit it lighter

127
Q

cerebellum receives input about proprioception from

A

spinocerebellar tract

128
Q

cerebellum receives input about vestibular sensation from

A

vestibular nuclei

129
Q

cerebellum receives input about visual info from

A

superior colliculi

130
Q

why is a reflex faster than a voluntary movement?

A

less steps, in short

reflex:
- receptor
- sensory neuron
- interneuron
- motor neuron
- effector

voluntary movement:
- receptor
- spinal neuron
- thalamic neuron
- cortical neuron
- interneuron
- UMN
- LMN
- effector

131
Q

indirect pathways are all motor pathways other that:

A

corticobulbar and corticospinal pathways

132
Q

indirect pathways (5)

A

vestibulospinal
lateral/medial reticulospinal
tectospinal
rubrospinal

133
Q

vestibulospinal pathways

A

indirect

from vestibular nucleus

maintain posture and balance

involuntary

134
Q

lateral and medial reticulospinal pathways

A

indirect

from reticular formation
facilitate flexor/extensor reflexes
muscle tone

medial excites, lateral inhibits

135
Q

lateral and medial reticulospinal pathways - whihc excites and whihc inhibits?

A

medial excites, lateral inhibits

136
Q

tectospinal pathway

A

from superior colliculi

moves head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli

137
Q

rubrospinal pathway

A

from red nucelus

precise movements of upper limbs

138
Q
A

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions