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BIOL 1191 > lecture 23 - development and inheritance > Flashcards

lecture 23 - development and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

gestation

A

pregnancy - 38 weeks from fertilization to birth

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2
Q

prenatal development (what is it, and its stages) (2)

A

time from fertilization to birth

embryonic period
- fert to 8 weeks (embryo)
- all principal adult organs present

fetal development
- week 9 to birth
- placenta now functional

can also be divided into 3 trimesters (1,2,3)

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3
Q

neonatal period

A

first 28 days after birht

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4
Q

embryonic period - week 1 events (4)

A

fertilization
cleavage of zygote
blastocyst formation
implantation

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5
Q

fertilization

A

haploid sperm + secondary oocyte = zygote (2n)

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6
Q

when does fert oocur

A

within 12-24 hours post ov

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7
Q

how long are oocytes and sperm viable for

A

oocyte - 24 hours
sperm - 48 hours

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8
Q

how are sperm attracted to the oocyte

A

via capacitation

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9
Q

capacitation

A

series of changes that allow sperm to fertilize the oocyte

flagella beat more rapidly

removal of cholesterol and proteins from plasma membrane near acrosome that prepare sperm for fusion

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10
Q

corona radiata

A

layer of granulosa cells around oocyte

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11
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein layer between plasma membrane and corona radiata of oocyte

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12
Q

ZP3

A

glycoprotien in zona pellucida that acts as a sperm receptor

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13
Q

what happens when a sperm binds to ZP3

A

sperm cells release acrosomal enzymes and digest a path thru zona pellucida

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14
Q

fusion of sperm and oocyte cause 2 blocks.
waht do these things do?

A

fast block
- depolarization of oocytes membrane so it cant fuse with another sperm

slow block
- hardening of zona pellucida that inactivates ZP3

blocking prevents polyspermy

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15
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilization by more that 1 sperm

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16
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei

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17
Q

zygote

A

fertilized ovum

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18
Q

fraternal twins (dizygotic) are formed by:

A

independent release of 2 oocytes fertilized by 2 separate sperm

genetically as different as 2 siblings

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19
Q

identical twins (monozygotic) are formed by:

A

a zygote that splits into two embryos within 8 days post fertilization

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20
Q

conjoined twins are formed by:

A

zygote that separates MORE than 8 days after fertilization

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21
Q

cleavage of zygote

A

rapid mitotic cell division of zygote

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22
Q

blastomeres

A

Progessively smaller cells produced by cleavage

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23
Q

morula

A

formation of solid sphere of cells that is still surrounded by the zona pellucida

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24
Q

what day is the morula formed

A

4

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25
Q

blastocyst formation

A

day 5

morula enters uterine cavity
- fluid from endometrial glands enters morula and reorganized blastomeres to form the blastocyst
- fluid nourishes the morula and the zona pellucida is shed

the morula is now called a blastocyst

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26
Q

endometrial glands secrete

A

uterine milk (fluid that forms blastocyst from morula)

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27
Q

blastocyst gives rise to two different cell populations (2) what are they and what do tehy develop into?

A

embryoblast (inner)
- develops into embryo

trophoblast (outer)
- develops into outer chorionic sac

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28
Q

implantation happens by day:

A

6

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29
Q

implantation

A

attachment of blastocyst to endometrium

embryoblast is oriented to face the endometrium

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30
Q

once attached (implantation) what happens to the endometrium and blastocyst?

A

endo
- becomes more vascularized

blastocyst
- secretes enzymes, burrows into endometrium

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31
Q

what do trophoblast cells secrete, and what does it do/

A

hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin

maintains corpus luteum, allowing for sustained secretion of estrogen and progesterone, preventing menstruation

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32
Q

decidua (what is it, + 3 layers)

A

functional layer of endometrium formed after implantation

basal - nourishes embryo, surrounds it in endometrium
capsular - part of endometrium that covers embryo from lumen of uterus (part of basal and parietal)
parietal - remaining part of modified endometrium in noninvolved areas

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33
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

development of an embryo outside the uterine cavity, usually in tubes

can be due to:
- scarring
- smoking (destruction of cilia)
- peristalsis defect
- abnormal tubal anatomy

can also occur in ovaries, abdominal cavity, or cervix

is not removed place will rupture leading to hemorrhage and maybe death

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34
Q

embryonic period - week 2 events (6)

A

development of trophoblast
development of bilaminar embryonic disc
development of amnion
development of umbilical vesicle
development of sinusoids
development of chorion

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35
Q

development of trophoblast occurs in week:

A

2

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36
Q

development of trophoblast can only occur in trophoblast cells that are:

A

in contact iwth the endometrium

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37
Q

development of trophoblast (2)

A

trophoblasts contacting endometrium rapidly divide into two layers

syncytiotrophoblast - outermost layer
- secretes enzymes that allow blastocytes to burrow during implantation

cytotrophoblast - inner layer between syncytiotrophoblasts and embryoblast

both of these layers will become part of the chorion as they grow

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38
Q

what will teh two layers of trophoblasts become part of, and what are they

A

syncytiotrophoblast (inner), and cytotrophoblasts (outer) become part of the chorion

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39
Q

when does the embryoblast differentiate into two layers?

A

around day 8

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40
Q

bilaminar embryonic disc is formed from

A

differentiation of the embryoblast in week 2

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41
Q

parts of the bilaminar embryonic disc (2) and what they will form in the body

A

hypoblast (outer) - layer of cuboidal cells
- this will form lining of GI/respiratory tracts (primitive endoderm)

epiblast (inner) - layer of columnar cells
- this will form the epidermis and nervous system (primitive ectoderm)

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42
Q

amniotic cavity appears within the:

A

appears within the epiblast

bordered by amnion and epiblast

43
Q

amnion

A

single layer of squamous cells that develop from the epiblast

creates amniotic cavity which surrounds the entire embryo

44
Q

functions of amniotic fluid (three)

A

absorbs shock
regulates temp
prevents adhesion of fetal skin with surrounding strucutres

45
Q

amniotic fluid is made of (2) and contains (1) that can be used for (1)

A

maternal blood and fetal urine

embryonic cells

can be used for amniocentesis (examination of fetal cells)

46
Q

development of umbilical vesicle occurs in week:

A

2

47
Q

development of umbilical vesicle

A

forms as hypoblast cells differentiate

bilaminar embryonic disc is now between amnio and yolk sac

48
Q

by day 12, yolk sac cells form;

A

extraembryonic endoblast
(outer ‘shell” or wall of yolk sac)

49
Q

what forms the wall of the umbilical vesicle

A

extraembryonic endoblast and hypoblast

50
Q

functiosn of the umbilical vesicle (6)

A

supply nutrients to embryo
- contains primordial germ cells that migrate to gonads
- source of blood cells in week 3-6
- forms part of gut in 4th week
- shock absorber
- prevents drying out of embryo

51
Q

development of sinusoids

A

syncytiotrophoblasts continue to expand
- trophoblastic lacunae form
- trophoblastic lacunae fuse to form vascular circles
- surrounding endometrial capillaries dilate to form maternal sinusoids

52
Q

trophoblastic lacunae

A

lacunae that fuse ot form vascular circles

53
Q

maternal sinusoids

A

dilated endometrial capillaries

54
Q

vascular circles

A

where maternal blood and secretions will enter

55
Q

extraembryonic mesoderm develops from

A

umbilical vesicle and forms CT layer surrounding umbilical and amnion

56
Q

what forms the chorion

A

extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast

this is also the embryonic contribution to the placenta

57
Q

extraembryonic coelon
whatdoes it form?

A

large cavities in the mesoderm that have fused

forms chorionic cavity

58
Q

chorion functions
(secrete? supress?

A

surrounds embryo/fetus

  • secretes hCG
  • sepresses maternal immune response against fetus
    (secretes proteins that block antibody production in mother)
59
Q

connecting stalk

A

connects bilaminar disc to trophoblast

band of extraembryonic mesoderm that will become the umbilical cord

60
Q

when does the connecting stalk form

A

in week 2

61
Q

embryonic period - week 3 events (6)

A

gastrulation
neurulation
development of somites
development of intraembryonic coelem
development of cadiovascular system
development of chorionic villi and placenta

62
Q

3 germ layers form in week

A

3

63
Q

what week to the 3 germ layers lay teh groundwork for organ developmetn

A

4

64
Q

gastrulation

A

process where the bilaminar dic undergoes reorganization to form a trilaminar disc, making the 3 germ layers

65
Q

groove forme in gastrulation is called:
what does it do

A

the primitive streak

defines the head vs tail and left vs right on the embryo

66
Q

endoderm and ectoderm are _____, while mesoderm is ______

A

endo/ecto are tightly packed epi cells

meso = loosely organized CT

67
Q

what will the endoderm become

A

epi lining of GI/respiratory tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract

68
Q

what will mesoderm become

A

muscel, bone, CT, cardiovascular system, peritoneum

69
Q

what will ectoderm become

A

skin epidermis, nervous system

70
Q

notochordal process

A

hollow tube formed by mesoderm cells from the primative node migrating

a few days later, the tube forms a solid cylinder called the notochord

71
Q

induction during gastrulation

A

notochord secretes substances that cause nearby unspecialized mesoderm cells to become verebral bodies

notochord will form intervertebral discs

72
Q

during gastrolation, ectodermal cells will become the:

A

neural plate

73
Q

oropharyngeal membrane

A

forms the oral cavity in week 4

small depression where the endoderm and ectoderm meet at the head end

74
Q

cloacal membrane

A

openings for anus, urinary, and reproductinve tracts formed in week 7

small depression where endo/ectoderm meet at the tail end

75
Q

allantois + function

A

vascularized outpouching from umbilical vesicle

helps in early formation of blood vessels and urinary bladder development

76
Q

imperforate anus

A

anal defect in 1-4-5k kids

persistence of cloacal membrane

77
Q

neurulation

A

process by which neural plates, neural folds and neural tubes form

78
Q

the neural plate develops the:

A

neural fold as the lateral edges become elevated

79
Q

neural groove

A

depressed mid region of neural plate forms the neural groove

80
Q

neural fold fuse to form:

A

neural tube

81
Q

neural tube

A

progess from mid region to head and tail regions

82
Q

neural crest is formed by

A

ectodermal cells from neural tube

83
Q

neural tube develops into:

A

brain and spinal cord

84
Q

neural crest cells form:
where are they?

A

all sensory neurons

found on either side of the neural tube (green things)

85
Q

primary brain vesicles

A

3 enlarged areas at the head end of the neural tube

86
Q

neural tube defects (2)

A

spina bifida
- failure of spine and spinal cord to form properly
- meninges and spinal cord can protrude from vertebral column

anencephaly
- failure of cranial bones to surround brain tissue leading to degeneration

87
Q

somites

A

chain of cube shaped blockes formed by the mesoderm near teh notochord

formed by mesoderm breakup

red blobs on either side of neural tube

88
Q

parts of the somite and what they become

A

myotomes
- skeletal muscle of neck trunk and limbs
dermatomes
- dermis and CT
sclerotomes
- vertebrae and ribs

89
Q

how many pairs of somites fo human have

A

42-44

this number can indicate the age of an emrbyo

90
Q

intraembryonic coelom

A

spaces formed by mesoderm cells from the primative streak rearranging merging into a larger cavity

small groove on either side under somites

91
Q

what does the intraembryonic coelom (cavity) split into (2)

A

splanchnopleuric mesenchyme

somatopleuric mesenchyme

92
Q

splanchnopleuric mesenchyme, formed from the splitting on the intraembryonic coelom, forms waht

A

heart

93
Q

somatopleuric mesenchyme, formed from the splitting on the intraembryonic coelom, forms waht

A

bones, ligaments, blood vessels etc

94
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

95
Q

angiogenesis occurs in week

A

3

96
Q

why does angiogenesis happen

A

because the umbilical vesicle cant provide enough nutrients, so blood vessels are needed

97
Q

steps of angiogenesis (

A

mesoderm cells in teh umbilical vesicle become hamngioblasts, then angioblasts

these cells form blood islands that fuse

spaces in the blood islands will form teh lumen of blood vessels

blood cells and plasma then develop is structures outside the embryo

98
Q

development of the cardiovascular system

A

angiogenesis
- mesoderm cells in umbilical vesicle form blood islands
- islands fuse
- spaces between become lumen of future vessels

99
Q

when will blood start to form in the liver

A

week 5

100
Q

when will blood start to form in the red marrow, spleen, and thymus

A

week 12

101
Q

what structure does the heart develop from and in what week

A

splanchnopleuric mesenchyme, in week 3

102
Q

what forms the primative heart tube

A

a pair of primordial tubes made from mesoderm cells

103
Q

primative heart tube function

A

joins blood vessels in other parts of the embryo, connective stalk, chorion, and umbilical vesicle

forms primitive cardiovascular system

104
Q

somites differentiate into (3), and each of these forms what

A

myotomes
- skeletal muscle of limbs/trunk

dermatomes
- dermis and CT

sclerotomes
- vertebrae, ribs

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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