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BIOL 1191 > lecture 4 - brain and cranial nerves part 1 > Flashcards

lecture 4 - brain and cranial nerves part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

brainstem includes (3)

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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2
Q

main parts of the brain in categories (4)

A

brainstem
cerebelum
diencephalon
cerebrum

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3
Q

diencephalon (3)

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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4
Q

cerebrum (1 = 4)

A

cerebral hemisphere
- cortex and lobes
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
- ventricles

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5
Q

brain is protected by (2)

A

cranial bones
cranial meninges

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6
Q

cranial meninges (3)

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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7
Q

how does dura mater differ in brain to spinal cord (3)

A

brain

two layers
- periosteal - superficial
- meningeal - deep

layers are fused except when they separate to enclose venous sinuses

no epidural space around brian

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8
Q

3 extensions of dura mater

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli

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9
Q

falx cerebri

A

extension of dura mater

separates cerebral hemispheres (down the middle)

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10
Q

falx cerebelli

A

extension of dura mater

separates cerebellar hemispheres

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11
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

extension of dura mater

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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12
Q

how does blood flow to the brain

A

vai internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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13
Q

how does blood flow away from the brain

A

vai dural venous sinuses that drain into internal jugular veins

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14
Q

blood brain barrier function

A

protects brain cells by preventing harmful substances in blood from entering the brain

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15
Q

BBB components (3)

A

tight junctions - seal endothelial cells of brain capillaries

thick basement membrane - surround endothelial cells

astrocytes pressed against capillaries - secrete substances that allow selective passing of molecules from blood to neurons

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16
Q

what can cross teh BBB (3, with examples for each)

A

lipid soluble substances - alcohol, O2

water soluble substances - glucose

other substances like ions travel very slowly

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17
Q

what cannot cross the BBB/ damage it?

A

big molecules like proteins cant cross

trauma, inflammation, toxins can breakdown BBB

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18
Q

CSF, what is it?

A

colourless liquid that bathes the CNS
- composed of water, with a bunch of small things like O2, glucose, proteins etc

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19
Q

how much CSF do we have around the brain at a given time

A

80-150 ml

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20
Q

CSF functions (3)

A

mechanical protection - shock absorption

chemical protection - maintain optimal environment for neurons

circulation - medium for exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue

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21
Q

ventricles of the brain (4)

A

two lateral
third
fourth

all CSF filled

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22
Q

where are the two lateral ventricles located

A

in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

separated by septum pellucidum

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23
Q

septum pellucidum

A

separates the two lateral ventricles

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24
Q

where is the third ventricle located

A

along midline superior to hypothalamus, between left and right halves of the thalamus

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25
Q

where is the forth ventricle located

A

between the brainstem and cerebellum

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26
Q

interventricular foramen

A

space where lateral ventricles and third ventricle are connected

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27
Q

where is CSF produced

A

in the choroid plexuses, by ependymal cells

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28
Q

choroid plexuses

A

network of blood vessels and cells in ventricles where capillaries are covered in ependymal cells

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29
Q

ependymal cells secrete:

A

CSF via filtration of blood plasma

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30
Q

what forms the blood CSF barrier

A

ependymal cells joined by tight junctions surrounding capillaries + endothelial cells inside capillaries

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31
Q

circulation of CSF in detail (

A
  • produced in plexus
    (each plexus -> ventricle. eg, CSF produced in third ventricles plexus goes to 3rd ventricle)
  • flows down ventricles (lateral, 3, 4)
  • subarachnoid space
  • arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses
  • then to teh heart and lungs
  • blood is then sent to the ventricles plexuses, and the process repeats
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32
Q

how is CSF reabsorbed

A

vai arachnoid granulations
- grape cluster like structure of arachnoid mater that penetrate dural venous sinuses

  • 20ml /hour is taken up
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33
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of CSF in the brain if drainage is blocked (by tumor, inflammation, etc)

  • in babies, this allows expension of the skull due to pressure inside, can cause damage to nervous tissue
  • drain can be planted to let CSF flow to veins of the neck of abdomen
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34
Q

medulla oblongata contains

A

continuation of the spinal cord, so both ascending and descending tracts, and nuclei

integration centres for body function, reflexes, movement

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35
Q

pyramids

A

white matter form bulges on ventral surface of medulla oblongata

  • large motor tracts that pass from cerebrum to cord (corticospinal)
  • control voluntary movement of limbs and trunk
  • decussate
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36
Q

decussation

A

crossing

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37
Q

how does decussation affect the brains control of the body

A

makes it so teh left half of the body is controled by the right side of the brain and vice versa

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38
Q

olives

A

contain interior olivary nucleus that receives input from cerebral cortex, midbrain, and cord. sends output to cerebellum
- give precision to movements,, controls proprioceptive signals

lateral to pyramids of the medulla oblongata (swelling thing)

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39
Q

nuclei of the medulla control many body functions including:

A

cardiovascular centre
respiratory centre
reflex centre

other smaller centers include, gustatory, vestibular (balance), and somatic sensation

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40
Q

pons is located

A

superior to medulla oblongata in the brainstem

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41
Q

pons “bridge” function

A

connects part of the brain via tracts
- connects right and left sides of cerebellum

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42
Q

the pons contains (

A
  • nuclei that help control breathing
  • vestibular nuclei (balance)
  • nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8
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43
Q

midbrain is also known as

A

mesencephalon

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44
Q

mesencephalon extends from what to what

A

pons to diencephalon

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45
Q

mesencephalon contains

A

cerebral aqueduct which connects third and forth ventricles

sensory + motor tracts, and auditory/visual nuclei

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46
Q

anterior portion of the midbrain contains: (1)

A

cerebral peduncles

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47
Q

posterior portion of the midbrain contains (1)

A

tectum (contains superior and inferior colliculi)

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48
Q

cerebral peduncles location

A

anterior midbrain

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49
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

3 paired bundles of axons
- ascending axons carry info to thalamus
- descending run between cerebrum, pons, medulla, and cord

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50
Q

tectum

A

located in the posterior midbrain

4 rounded nuclei elevations called colliculi

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51
Q

superior colliculi

A

2 of them
- reflex for visual activities like tracking moving things
- stimulate movement of the head, eyes, and neck in response to visual stimuli

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52
Q

inferior colliculi

A

2 of them
- part of auditory pathway, relays impulses from receptors to thalamus
- stimulate movement of the head, eyes, and neck in response to auditory stimuli

involved in startle reflex

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53
Q

what part of the brain is involved in the startle reflex?

A

the inferior colliculi in the tectum of the posterior midbrain

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54
Q

substantia nigra

A

nuclei in the midbrain
- dark in colour
- release dopamine
- located behind peduncles

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55
Q

red nuclei

A

nuclei in the midbrain
- axons from cortex and cerebellum synapse here to coordinate movement of the limbs

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56
Q

reticular formation

A

region throughout brainstem where white and grey matter are in a net like arrangement

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57
Q

reticular formation neurons hace both sensory and motor functions (T or F)

A

true

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58
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS) is formed by

A

the ascending part of the reticular formation

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59
Q

RAS stands for

A

reticular activating system

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60
Q

RAS functions to: (3)

A
  • alert cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep
  • maintain consciousness, alertness, and attention with stimuli from ears/eyes/etc
  • prevent sensory overload by filtering stimuli
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61
Q

descending axons in RAS function to: (1)
(what do they maintain)

A

maintain muscle tone

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62
Q

what does the RAS not do?

A

is does not receive stimuli for the sense of smell

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63
Q

where does RAS project its sensory info?

A

to teh hypothalamus, thalamus, and cortex

64
Q

inactivation of RAS results in

A

sleep

65
Q

damage to RAS results in

A

a coma

66
Q

RAS main function in shorter terms (2)

A

fight or flight response

sleep and waking

67
Q

cerebellum contains what % of brain weight and what % of brain neurons

A

10% weight, 50% neurons

68
Q

cerebellums surface is

A

highly folded to increase outer grey matter cortex surface area

69
Q

special names for grey and white matter in the cerebellum

A

white - arbor vitae
grey - folia

70
Q

functions of the cerebellum (main and subdivisions of main)

A

evaluate how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out

  • adjusts postural muscles for balance
  • fine tunes voluntary/involuntary movements
  • stores memories of learned movements
71
Q

cerebellar hemispheres (left and right) consist of (4)

A

anterior lobes
posterior lobes
flocculonodular lobe
cerebellar peduncles

72
Q

anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum function to

A

control subconscious
aspects of skeletal muscle movements

73
Q

flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum functions to

A

maintain equilibrium / balance

74
Q

cerebellar peduncles function are/function is

A

white matter tracts that attach the cerebellum to the brainstem
- coordinate muscle movement

has superior, middle, and inferior parts

75
Q

ataxia

A

loss of ability to coordinate movement due to damage of the cerebellum

76
Q

cerebellum trick to remembering function

A

alcohol affects the cerebellum, think about what a drunk person is like
(posture, balance, memory, finetuning of movement, uncoordination)

77
Q

diencephalon is located:

A

between top of brain stem and bottom of cerebrum

78
Q

diencephalon fully surrounds:

A

the third ventricle

79
Q

thalamus makes up waht % of diencephalon

A

80%

80
Q

the thalamus is

A

paired oval masses of grey matter in left and right halves
- connected by interthalamic adhesion in most people
- contains nuclei and tracts

81
Q

thalamus main function

A

relay station for sensory and motor function

82
Q

thalamus sensory functions (2)

A
  • sensory info (-smell) goes through it to the cerebral cortex
  • acts as a filter, only passes a small portion of sensory info it gets to cortex
83
Q

thalamus motor functions

A
  • sends info from cerebellum and corpus striatum to primary motor areas of cerebral cortex
  • involved in consciousness, learning, memory, emotions, and cognition
84
Q

how many thalamic nuclei are there? no need to memorize the names

A

7

85
Q

hypothalamus location

A

inferior to thalamus

86
Q

how many nuclei does the hypothalamus have across all 4 regions

A

12 in 4 regions

87
Q

main functions of the hypothalamus

A

control of the ANS
hormone production
emotions
regulation of eating
body temp control
circadian rhythms

88
Q

4 main regions of the hypothalamus

A

posterior hypothalamic area

intermediate hypothalamic area

anterior hypothalamic area

preoptic area

89
Q

posterior hypothalamic area L and F

A

anterior to midbrain

olfaction, feeding reflexes like swallowing

90
Q

intermediate hypothalamic area L and F

A

anterior to posterior hypothalamic area

connects to pituitary gland (via infuncibulum)
- controls anterior pituitary gland

91
Q

anterior hypothalamic area L and F

A

anterior to intermediate HA

transport ADH and oxytocin to posterior pituitary gland

92
Q

preoptic area L and F

A

most anterior part of hypothalamus

regulate certain autonomic activities like body temp

93
Q

hypothalamus - control of the ANS

A

axons from it extend to brainstem and cord

  • stimulate smooth/cardiac muscle, secretions
  • eg, regulation of heart rate, GI tract
94
Q

hypothalamus - hormone production

A

release hormones into capillary network to anterior pituitary which stimulates or inhibits anterior pituitary hormone release

95
Q

hypothalamus - emotions

A

works with limbic system to express rage, aggression, pain, arousal

96
Q

hypothalamus - regulation of eating

A

contains thirst centre, feeding centre, and satiety centre

97
Q

hypothalamus - body temp control

A

senses blood temp and restores regular temp via feedback loops

98
Q

hypothalamus - circadian rhythms

A

serves as bodys internal clock
- receives visual input from eyes to synchronize to a 24 hour cycle

99
Q

epithalamus location

A

superior and posterior to thalamus

100
Q

epithalamus contains: (2)

A

pineal gland, habenular nuclei

101
Q

pineal gland (2)

A

pea sized
secretes meletonin

102
Q

circumventricular organs lack (CVO)

A

structures that border the third ventricle and lack a BBB

103
Q

circumventricular organs (3)

A

parts of hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland
some other nearby structures

104
Q

CVO functions

A
  • monitor chemical changes in the blood
  • allow hormones from hypothalamus to leave brain
105
Q

supposed site where HIV enters the body

A

CVOs
due to lack of BBB

106
Q

cerebrum allows

A

higher level thinking

107
Q

cerebrum consists of: (3)

A

outer cerebral cortex (grey)
inner cerebral cortex (white)
deep grey matter nuclei

108
Q

cerebral cortex has: (3)

A

cerebral gyri
cerebral fissures
cerebral sulci

109
Q

cerebral gyri

A

rolls of folds of the cortex
“bulges”

110
Q

cerebral fissures

A

deepest grooves between folds
- separate lobes

111
Q

cerebral sulci

A

shallower grooves between folds

112
Q

each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into:

A

4 lobes + one mini lobe

113
Q

each hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory and generates motor input to the opposite side of the body because:

A

of the corpus callosum

114
Q

lobes of the cerebrum (4+1)

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

mini lobe = insula

115
Q

frontal lobe function

A

cognitive functions, emotions, voluntary movement

116
Q

parietal lobe function

A

processes temperature info, taste, touch, movement proprioception

117
Q

occipital lobe function

A

processes visual info

118
Q

temporal lobe function

A

processes memories and integrates them with senses

119
Q

insula function

A

taste

120
Q

longitundinal fissure

A

separates cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

121
Q

central cerebral sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

122
Q

lateral cerebral sulcus

A

separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

123
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

124
Q

association tracts (cerebral white mater)

A

connect and transmit nerves impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

125
Q

commissural tracts (cerebral white matter)

A

connect gyri from one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other
eg. corpus callosum

126
Q

projection tracts (cerebral white mater)

A

form descending and ascending tracts that transmit impulses form cerebrum to other brain and cord parts

127
Q

3 directions of cerebral white mater tracts

A

between gyri in same side - association

between gyri on opposite sides - commissural

from gyri to other parts of brain and cord - projection

128
Q

biggest fibre bundle in the brain

A

corpus callosum

129
Q

the corpus callosum is a:

A

commissural tract

130
Q

corpus striatum

A

3 nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere

131
Q

functions of the corpus striatum (2)

A

receive input from cerebral cortex and send output to motor cortex

regulate initiation and termination of movements

132
Q

limbic system parts (general areas)

A

bunch of structures from teh cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain

133
Q

how is the limbic system connected

A

by the fornix

134
Q

fornix

A

a white matter bundle that connects the limbic system

135
Q

limbic system functions (3)

A

establishes emotional states

olfaction

memory

136
Q

hippocampus is involved in:

A

memory storage and retrieval

137
Q

3 types of areas in the cerebral cortex

A

sensory
motor
association (control complex integrative functions)

138
Q

sensory areas of the brain function

A

reception and interpretation of sensory impulses

139
Q

sensory areas of the brain (5)

A

somatosensory
visual
auditory
gustatory
olfactory

all of them have “primary” in front and “cortex” at the end

140
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

has post central gyrus
- input from touch, pain, tickle, itch
- main function = localization of orgin and intensity of sensation

141
Q

post central gyrus

A

gyri directly posterior to the central sulcus

141
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

superior part of temporal lobe, near cerebral sulcus

  • interprets basic sound charactaristics like pitch and rhythm
142
Q

primary visual cortex

A

posterior tip of occipital lobe

  • receives impulses that convey info (shape, colour) for vision
142
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

in insula

  • receives impulses for taste
143
Q

olfactory cortex

A

in temporal lobe on medial side

  • receives impulses for smell
144
Q

motor areas of the brain (4)

A

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
brocas area
frontal eye field

145
Q

sensory homunculus

A

misshaped map of sensory spots

146
Q

motor homunculus

A

misshaped muscle map of the body

147
Q

why does each region of motor area control skeletal muscles on opposite sides of the body

A

due to decussation

148
Q

premotor cortex

A

anterior to primary motor cortex

  • controls complex, learned movements
149
Q

frontal eye field

A

partially in and anterior to premotor cortex

  • controls voluntary scanning movement of eyes like reading
150
Q

brocas area

A

helps to control speech articulation (speaking)

  • mainly located in left frontal lobe
151
Q

what does damage to brocas area result in?

A

the ability to understand remains, but production of speech is impaired

called brocas aphasia or non fluent aphasia

152
Q
A
153
Q
A

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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