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BIOL 1191 > lecture 24 - development and inheritance > Flashcards

lecture 24 - development and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

intraembryonic coelem splits into:

A

splanchnopleuric mesenchyme

somatopleuric mesenchyme

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2
Q

splanchnopleuric mesenchyme becomes:

A

the heart

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3
Q

somatopleuric mesenchyme becomes

A

bones, ligaments, blood vessels, etc

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4
Q

development of chorionic villi and placenta happens in week

A

3

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5
Q

as embyronic tissue invades the uterine wall, what happens? waht does this cause

A

maternal uterine vessels are eroded

cuases trophoblastic lacunae to form intervillous spaces that fill with maternal blood

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6
Q

chorionic villi develop as:

A

develop as outgrowths of the chorion that project into the endometrium

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7
Q

by the end of the third week, what develops in chorionic villi? what will they connect to/

A

blood capillaries that will connect to the embryonic heart by umbilical arteries and veins via the connecting stalk

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8
Q

intervillous spaces function

A

bath chorionic villi in maternal blood

bloods do not mix

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9
Q

placentation

A

forming of the placenta

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10
Q

what forms the placenta (2 layers)

A

chorioic villi of the chorion
- fetal portion

basal layer
- maternal portion

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11
Q

functions of placenta (3)

A

allow exchange of nutrients and waste between mom and baby

produce hormones for sustaining pregnancy

acts as a barrier to most microorganisms

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12
Q

example of things that can pass the placenta

A

drugs, alcohol, HIV

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13
Q

umbilical cord develops from

A

the connecting stalk

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14
Q

umbilical cord function

A

connect placenta to embryo

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15
Q

umbilical cord makeup

A

2 arteries
- carry deoxy retal blood to placenta

1 vein (big)
- carry oxy blood to fetus

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16
Q

afterbirth

A

placenta detaches from uterus following birth

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17
Q

what is special about the blood in the umbilical cord

A

called cord blood

pluipotent stem cells are sourced from here

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18
Q

stem cell terminology (5)

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
oligopotent
unipotent

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19
Q

totipotent stem cells (def and example)

A

can form any of 220 cells types in the body. can form an entire organism

ex. blastomeres, zygotes

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20
Q

pluripotent stem cells (def and example)

A

tissue specific, differentiate from totipotent cells but can form MANY cells, not ALL cells.

ex endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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21
Q

multipotent stem cells (def and example)

A

differentiate into a group of closely related cells

ex. hemotopoietic cells that can form myeloid and lymphoid stem cells (for blood cell/lymphocyte production)

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22
Q

oligopotent stem cells (def and example)

A

develop into only a few cell types

ex myeloid cells that form different blood cell types (but not lymphocytes like multipotent cells)

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23
Q

unipotent stem cells (def and example)

A

produce only one type of cell

ex. spermatogonia only form sperm

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24
Q

weeks 1-8 are known as ______. what are the main 2 processes that take place in these weeks

A

embryonic period or first trimester

organogenesis and placentation

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25
Q

4 major events from week 3 and brief description of what they are

A

gastrulation
- primary germ layers

neurulation
- segmentation of ectoderm to separate neural tissue from skin

somite formation
- segmentation of mesoderm to separate heart from bones/blood vessels

formation of heart

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26
Q

week 4 events (1)

A

organogenesis

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27
Q

how big does the emrbyo grow in week 4

A

3 times

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28
Q

embryonic folding

A

process where the flat embryonic disc folds into a 3D cylinder: head/tail, and two lateral folds

looks like a contact lens sort of

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29
Q

after embryonic folding, the embryo now has a distinct: (4)

A

superior/inferior, left/right, anterior/posterior, and primative gut

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30
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of body organs and systems

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31
Q

what week do the pharyngel arches develop

A

4

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32
Q

pharyngeal arches and what they contain

A

protrusions below the “head” of the fetus

each contains an artery, cranial nerve, and skeletal muscle

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33
Q

what separates pharyngeal arches

A

pharyngeal grooves

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34
Q

pharyngeal arches

A

separate pharyngeal grooves on the ectodermal side

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35
Q

what is on the endodermal side of the pharyngeal arches

A

pharyngeal pouches

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36
Q

pharyngeal arches are made of;

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layers except in teh groove area

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37
Q

what do teh pharyngeal pouches form?

A

future head and nekc structures

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38
Q

otic placode is made of _____ and forms the___-

A

ectoderm, forms future internal ear

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39
Q

lens placode is made of ______ and forms the ______

A

ectoderm, forms future lens of eye

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40
Q

limb buds

A

mesoderm covered by ectoderm, create future limbs

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41
Q

heart prominenece

A

distinct projection on ventral surface that will become the heart

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42
Q

when do teh limb buds form

A

week 4

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43
Q

when does the heart prominence form

A

week 4

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44
Q

development in week 5-8 8 is:

A

rapid

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45
Q

development of in week 5-8: head

A

rapid brain development and growth of head

46
Q

development of in week 5-8: heart

A

becomes 4 chambered, blood cells form in liver

47
Q

development of in week 5-8: limbs

A

limbs form and lengthen, digits develop and separate

48
Q

development of in week 5-8: face

A

eyelids and auricles form

49
Q

development of in week 5-8: external genitals

A

begin to differentiate, tails shorten and disappear

50
Q

development of in week 5-8: primative gut and other internal organs

A

continue development

51
Q

development of in week 5-8: bone

A

formation begins

52
Q

once the embryo has clear human features, it is known as a :

A

fetus

53
Q

week 9-birth (2)

A

all structures developed in the embryonic period continue to grow and differentiate

very few structures form after week 8
(nipples, hair follicles, hand prints)

54
Q

what happens to the fetus after week 9?

A

grows larger, movements start, limbs and digits lengthen, fingernails/toe develop

55
Q

waht week can a fetus survive prematurely

A

24

56
Q

from 28 weeks to birth, what happens to the fetus? (5)

A

rapid growth, strength gain, brain development, changes in respiratory and circulatory systems to prepare for breathing, head changes proportion

57
Q

3 main causes of abnormal development

A
  1. unknown
  2. genetics
  3. environmental (teratogens)
58
Q

teratogens

A

one of the causes of abnormal development

eg. alcohol, viruses, smoking, radiation etc
- most harmful during weeks 3-8 (organogenesis)

59
Q

fetal ultrasound

A

transducer emits high freq sound waves that reflects sound waves converted to an image on a screen

  • patient needs full bladder
  • used to confirm pregnancy, determine fetal age, viability, growth, gender, and abnormalities
60
Q

quad screen

A

non invasive test done between 16-18 weeks

tests maternal blood for 4 things:
- alpha fetoprotein (AFP) produced by fetus
- hCG produced by placenta
- estriol produced by fetus/placenta
- inhibin A produced by placenta

61
Q

abnormal levels in a quad screen may indicate:

A

neural tube defect (too much AFP)
trisomy 21, 18 or other chromosomal disorders

62
Q

AFP

A

alpha fetoprotien

63
Q

amniocentesis test is used to detect

A

suspected genetic abnormalities

64
Q

how is amniocentesis done

A

needle through abdominal wall remove some amniotic fluid that contains fetal cells for analysis

65
Q

what is done with the amniotic fluid is an amniocentesis

A

fetal cells from the fluid are examined for chromosomal abnormalities

66
Q

chorionic villi sampling proceedure

A

needle through abdominal wall OR suction thru cervix to remove chorionic villi (contains same genome as fetal cells)

can be preformed as early as 8 weeks

67
Q

chorionic villi sampling is used for

A

detecting genetic abnormalities

68
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropic

69
Q

hCG is secreted by

A

the chorion

70
Q

hCG function

A

stimulates continued production of estrogen and progesterone by corpus luteum whihc is necessary for attachment of embryo /fetus to endometirum

71
Q

when can hCG be detected in blood

A

8 days after fertilization

72
Q

when does hCG peak

A

week 9, then decreases in month 4-5 and levels off till birth

73
Q

estrogenes and progesterone are produced by _____. when?

A

corpus luteum in the first 3-4 months of pregnancy to maintian uterus lining and prepare mammary glands, increases a lot later on

74
Q

progesterone function

A

keeps uterine myometirum relaxed and cervix closed

75
Q

hCS

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin

76
Q

human chorionic somatomammotropin
(hCS) functions (2)

A

helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

decreases glucose use in mother so that more glucose is available for fetus
- mother will use fatty acids for ATP instead
- promotes release of fatty acids

77
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) functions (2)

A

establishes timing of birth
- high levels = premature birth

increases secretion of cortisol
- important for lung development

78
Q

hormones secreted by placenta (4)

A
  • human chorionic gonadotropin
  • relaxin
  • human chorionic somatomammotropin
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
79
Q

changes during pregnancy - GI tract

A

heartburn, constipation

increase appetite

80
Q

changes during pregnancy - urinary bladder

A

increased frequency and urgency of urination

81
Q

changes during pregnancy - inferior vena cava

A

varicose veins and edema in legs

82
Q

changes during pregnancy - inferior vena cava, aorta, renal artery

A

less blood flow, renal hypertension

83
Q

changes during pregnancy - weight gain

A
  • increase protein, fat, water storage
  • weight of fetus + all structures
  • breast enlargement
  • lower back pain
84
Q

changes during pregnancy - cardiovascular

A
  • increase heart rate (10-15%)
  • increase Cardiac output (20-30%)
  • maternal blood vol increases by 30-50%

all of these changes are needed to meet needs of fetus

85
Q

changes during pregnancy - respiratory

A
  • increase tidal volume (30-40%)
  • total body O2 consumption increases by 10-20%
86
Q

changes during pregnancy - urinary system

A

increased renal plasma flow, which increases GFR up to 40%

increased urination

87
Q

labour

A

expulsion of fetus from uterus thru vagina

88
Q

hormones elevated during labour (4)

A

estrogens, prostagandins, oxytocin, relaxin

89
Q

what effects must be reversed in order for labour to occur? why??

A

progesterone secretion must stop

progesterone has been secreted by the placenta to maintain pregnancy. I relaxed the myometrium and kept the cervix closed

for labour to occur, this must be reversed

90
Q

how are the effects of progesterone reversed for labour to start?

A

increased estrogen levels overcome progesterones effects

91
Q

how to estrogen levels rise to initiate labour? (4 steps)

A
  1. placenta secretes CRH
  2. fetal anterior pituitary secretes ACTH in response to placental CRH
  3. fetal suprarenal glands secrete cortisol and DHEA in response to ACTH
  4. placenta converts DHEA to estrogens

loop between palcenta and fetus

92
Q

estrogens role in labour (2)

A

incease oxytocin receptors on uterine muscle fibres

stimulate placenta to release prostaglandins which dilates teh cervix

93
Q

oxytocin role in labour (1)

A

release by maternal posterior pituitary to stimulate contractions

94
Q

relaxin role in labour

A

released by placenta, increases pubic symphysis flexibility and dilates cervix

95
Q

positive feedback loop during labour

A

stimulus
- contraction of myometrium forces fetal head into cervix

receptor
- stretch receptors in cervix send impulses to hypothalamus

control centre
- hypothalamus/AP release oxytocin into blood

effector
- oxytocin causes more contractions, baby descends, producing more stretching of cervix

response
- cervix continues to dilate due to baby pushing on it

positive feedback loop ends with birth because stretching suddenly ends

96
Q

false labour

A

abdominal pain at irregular intervals

does not intensify

97
Q

true labour

A

regulate, painful uterine contractions that increase in frequency and intensity

back pain

dilation of cervix

vaginal discharge with blood

98
Q

3 stages of true labour

A

dilation
expulsion
placental

99
Q

dilation stage of labour (4)

A

6-12 hours
regular contractions
complete dilation of cervix
amniotic sac usually ruptures

100
Q

expulsion stage of labour (2)

A

10 mins to several hours

baby move through and out of birth canal

101
Q

placental stage of labour

A

known as afterbirth

placenta expelled 5-30 mins after delivery

101
Q

how long does it take the mom to return from pre pregnancy state

A

about 6 weeks,, very variable

102
Q

maternal postnatal period (3)

A

uterus undergoes involution (size reduction)

uterine discharge called lochia from former placenta site

cervix loses elasticity and becomes firm

103
Q

postnatal adjustments to infant - prebirth

A

prebirth, teh fetus had:

placental O2/nutrient supply

placental waste removal

amniotic fluid pressure

fetal respiratory/cardiovascular system attached to placenta

104
Q

respiratory changes in fetus after birth

A

increased CO2 levels in blood stimulate respiratory centre in medulla, triggers first breath
- forceful inhalations and exhalations
- rate begins and 45 breaths/min for first 2 weeks, slow after to 12

105
Q

when is teh fetal respiratory system well developed

A

month 7

106
Q

changes in cardiovascular system after birth (6)

A

all changes are stimulated by breathing

foramen ovale becomes fossa ovalis
- deoxy blood is now sent to the lungs

ductus arteriorsus shuts (connected aorta and pulmonary vein
- becomes ligamentum arteriosum

umbilcal vein closes
- becomes ligamentum teres

umbilical arteries close
- become medial umbilical ligaments

ductus venosus collapses
- now allows venous blood into hepatic portal vein to liver

high pulse as birth (120-180)
- o2 demand increases, increasing erythropoiesis (negative feedback loop)

107
Q

ductus arteriosus becomes

A

ligamentum arteriosum

108
Q

umbilical arteries and vein become

A

arteries
- medial umbilical ligaments

vein
- ligamentum teres

109
Q

ductus venosus becomes

A

collapsed to allow fetal venous blood into hepatic portal vein

110
Q

patent foramen ovale (PFO)

A

foramen flap remains open

occurs in 25% of births

no symptoms, not treated

unverified links to migraine and stroke occurrence

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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