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BIOL 1191 > lecture 20 - reproductive system > Flashcards

lecture 20 - reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

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2
Q

ovaries

A

pari fo almond sized organs

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3
Q

ovaries function

A

produce gametes and hormones

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4
Q

oogenesis results in

A

formation of a single haploid secondary oocyte

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5
Q

ovarian follicles consist of

A

oocytes in various stages

supporting cells
- follicular cells or granulosa cells based on stage
- these provide nourishemtn to the follicle

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6
Q

atresia

A

process where underdeveloped germ cells degenerate

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7
Q

follicular histology (layers)

A

zona pellucida
corona radiata
antrum
theca folliculi

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8
Q

sequence of changes in follicles

A

primordial
primary
secondary
tertiary (mature)
corpus luteum
corpus albicans

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9
Q

zona pellucida

A

clear glycoprotein layer between oocyte and granulosa cells

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10
Q

theca folliculi (2)

A

outermost layer of cells on the basement membrane of a follicle

theca interna
- internal layer of secretory cells that secrete androgens

theca externa
- outer layer of stromal cells

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11
Q

antrum

A

formed by granulosa cells secreting follicular fluid

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12
Q

corona radiata

A

inner layer of granulosa cells that is attached to the zona pellucida

this layer is still attached to oocyte at ovulation

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13
Q

whole oogenesis process

A
  • oogonium under goes mitosis
  • forms primary oocyte
  • undergoes meiosis 1 to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
  • undergoes meiosis 2, must be fertilized to complete meiosis 2, and forms ovum and second polar body
  • nuclei of sperm and ovum form zygote (2n)
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14
Q

germ cells from umbilical vessicle do waht

A

migrate to ovary and become oogonia in early life

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15
Q

what stage does oogenesis stop at

A

primary oocytes stop in prophase 1 until puberty

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16
Q

oocyte amounts

A

200k-2mil at birth

40k remain at puberty

only about 400 mature in a womans life

all of the others degenerate (atresia0

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17
Q

what causes oogenesis to resume from prophase 1

A

each month, hormones cause meiosis 1 to resume in several follicles so that meiosis 2 is started just before ovulation

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18
Q

note: only one follicle reached tertiary follicle stage each month

A

:)

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19
Q

where does the secondary oocyte stall

A

metaphase of meiosis 2 under fertilization

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20
Q

what causes meiosis 2 in secondary oocytes to resume

A

fertilzation by sperm

forms a zygote

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21
Q

what causes maturation of follicles

A

FSH and LH monthly

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22
Q

when is meiosis 1 completed

A

before ovulation in the tertiary (mature) follicle

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23
Q

when does meiosis 2 begin

A

right before ovulation

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24
Q

uterine tubes function

A

transport secondary oocyte/ovum/zygote form ovaries to uterus

site of fertilization

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25
Q

fimbriae + function

A

fingerlike projections of uterine tube that sweep ovum into uterine tubes

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26
Q

epithelium of the uterine tubes contains (2) waht do they do/

A

cilia
- move ovum along
- works with peristalsis

peg cells
- secrete fluid to nourish ovum

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27
Q

fertilization usually occurs: and where

A

within 24 hours of ovulation in ampullae of uterine tubes

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28
Q

when does a fertilized zygote reach uterus

A

about 7 days after ovulation

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29
Q

uterus functions (5)

A
  • transport sperm
  • menstruation
  • implantation
  • development of fetus
  • labour
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30
Q

parts of uterus and what they are

A

fundus - top portion of muscle
body- main portion of muscle
cervix - gateway in
interior uterine cavity - inner space
cervical canal - just past cervix

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31
Q

secretory cells in mucosa of cervix secrete

A

cervical mucus

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32
Q

uterus histology (3)

A

inner endometrium
middle myometrium
outer perimetrium (serosa)

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33
Q

inner endometrium layers (3) and what they do

A

compact layer (sheds)
functional layer (sheds)
basal layer (stem cells give rise to new compact and functional layers after shed)

34
Q

middle myometrium layers and function

A

3 smooth muscle layers

contract under influence of oxytocin during labour

35
Q

outer perimetrium layers and function

A

simple sq epi and areolar CT

part of peritoneum

36
Q

ectopic pregnancy (extrauterine)

A

2% of all pregs
often misdiagnosed

abdominal implantation

37
Q

fibromuscular layer of vagina is lined with

A

mucous membranes

38
Q

muscular layers of vagina

A

outer longitudinal and inner circular

39
Q

mucosa of vaginal contains

A

normal flora nad organic acids

continuous with uterus

40
Q

functions of vagina (3)

A

passageway for menstrual flow

recieve sperm
form lowr birth canal

41
Q

vulva parts (7)

A

external urethra orifice
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vaginal orifice
hymen

42
Q

functions of vulva (3)

A

protection
sensory tissues
micturition

43
Q

mammary glands are modified what?

A

modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk

44
Q

mammary glands breakdown

A

20 lobes that have lobules
alveoli
tubules
ducts
sinuses

45
Q

mammary alveoli

A

glandular cells that secrete milk into ducts

46
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

open in the nipple to eject milk

47
Q

lactatioj

A

production and release of milk

48
Q

maternal milk contains (2)

A

anitbodies and immune cells that will protect the infant during early life

49
Q

prolactin

A

increases during pregnancy
inhibited by progesterone until delivery

50
Q

lactation reflex

A

suckling activate stretch receptors
- sends NP to hypothalamus
- stops PIH
- stimulates PRH
- stimulates production of prolactin

51
Q

milk ejection reflex

A

oxytocin cause release of milk into mammary ducts

  • oxytocin triggered by nipple touch receptors, babys cry, genital touch

oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelium around alveoli

milk moves from alveoli into mammary ducts

52
Q

female reproductive cycles

A

ovarian and uterine cycles

53
Q

ovarian cycle

A

series of events in the ovaries during and after the maturation of the oocyte

54
Q

uterine cycle

A

series of changes of the endometrium to prepare for the arrival of an ovum

55
Q

what regulates the ovarian cycle

A

hormones from the anterior pituitary like LH and FSH

56
Q

waht regulates the uterine cycle

A

hormones from the ovaries like porgesterone and estrogen

57
Q

what controls the entire female reproductive cycle

A

GnRH from hypothalamus

gonadotropin releasing hormone
- stimulates LH and FSH, which stimulates pathways that end in production of estrogen and progesterone

58
Q

FSH role in female reprod cycle

A

stimulate initial growth of follicles, that in turn secrete estrogen

59
Q

what maintains reproductive organ function

A

estrogen

60
Q

LH role in female reprod cycle

A

stimulate ovulation and promotes formation of corpus luteum, which in turn secretes est, progest, realxin, and inhibin

61
Q

estrogen functions (4)

A
  • promote develoment and maintenance of female reprod structures
  • increase protein anabolism
  • lower blood cholesterol
  • after menstruation stimulated regrowth of endometrial layers (functional layer)
62
Q

what inhibits teh release of GnRH

A

moderate estrogen/progesterone levels in blood

this in turn inhibits FSH and LH

63
Q

progesterone function

A

works with estrogen to prepare endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk synthesis

64
Q

relaxin functions

A

relax the uterus which inhibits contractions to make implantation easier

relaxes pubic symphysis during pregnancy and dilates cervix to facilitate labour

65
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits secretion of FSH, and LH to a lesser extent

66
Q

phases of female reprod cycel

A

menstruation
preov
ov
post ov

67
Q

uterine cycle phases

A

menstrual phase
proliferative
secretory

68
Q

menstruation phase (in ovaries and in uterus)

A

1-5

in ovaries
- primordial follicles begin to develop into primary and secondary due to FSH

in uterus
- function and compact layer of endometrium are shed, discharging 50-150ml of blood, tissue, mucus, and epi cells

69
Q

why does discharge of endometrium occur

A

because estrogen and progest levels fall, and prostaglandins release which constricts uterine arterioles

this starves cells of O2 and they die`

70
Q

hormones during menstruation

A

all relatively low, FSH highest

71
Q

preov phase (in ovaries and in uterus)

A

6-13

in ovaries (follicular phase)
- primary folicles develop into secondary
- dominant follicel continues to increase estrogen prod and becomes tertiary follicle
- other less developed follicles degen

in uterus (proliferative phase)
- increasing estrogen levels repair and thicken functional and compact layers of endometrium

72
Q

hormones in pre ov phase

A

estrogen high, LH higher (surge)
progest low, FSH small jump

73
Q

ovulation phase

A

14

  • high levels of estrogen during last part of preov phase exert positive feedback on GnRH and LH to cause LH surge
  • LH surge causes rupture in follicle and expulsion of secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity
  • oocyte is swept into tube by fimbriae

no uterine cycle equivelant

74
Q

ovulation hromones

A

LH surge has gone down a bit but still the highest, est is lower, FSH lower

progesterone is on the rise

75
Q

after ovulation:

A

tertiary follicle collapses
- LH stimulates follicular cells to form corpus luteum
- LH stimulates Corpus luteum to secrete its hormones (all 4)

76
Q

post ov phase (in ovaries and in uterus)

A

15-28

in ovaries (luteal phase)
- both est and progest are large in quantity (vai corpus luteum)
- if oocye is not fertilized, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans (hormones drop, GnRH,LH,FSH rise), new ovarian cycle begins
- if oocyte IS fertilized, embryo secrete human chorionic gonadotropin which maintains corpus luteum and its job

in uterus (secretory phase)
- hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium
- more vascular and more glands
- endometrial glands secrete glycogen
- if no fertilization, menstrual phase begins as corpus luteum degenerates

77
Q

post ov hormones

A

progest highest but falling, all others fairly low

78
Q

recap of ovarian cycle (3)

A

follicular (preov) phase
- day 1- ov
- overlaps with menstrual phase of uterine
- release FSH - stimulate follicles
- follicles secrete estrogen

ov phase
- day 14
- high estrogen = LH/GnRH release from gonadotrophs and hypothal respectively
- release of secondary oocyte from ruptured follicle
- pregnancy can occur

luteal (postov) phase
- formation of corpus luteum
- est + progest release
- if pregnant, corpus luteum of pregnancy forms, if not pregnant corpus of menstruation forms and degens

79
Q

uterine cycle recap (4)

A

menstrual phase
- no fert of egg
- est /progest drop
- corpus luteum degens
- shedding of endometrium

regenerative phase
- 4-6
- regen of basal layer of endometrium

proliferative phase
- 7-15
- corresponds to follicular phase of ovarian
- est from follicular phase stimulates this phase
- proliferation of endometrium

secretory phase
- 16-28
- corresponds to luteual phase of ovarian
- controlled by progesterone from corpus
- endometrium us fully developed

80
Q

hormonal birth control

A

typically a combo of est/progesterone

negative feedback on ant pituitary / hypothal to prevent FSH and LH secretion

causes no follicular development

81
Q

tubal ligation

A

like a vasectomy but females

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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