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BIOL 1191 > lab 14 minus obvious shit > Flashcards

lab 14 minus obvious shit Flashcards

1
Q

circulating hormones

A

hormones that diffuse from ISF to nearby capillaries and are circulated in the blood

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2
Q

local hormones

A

hormones that act on nearby cells or the cell that secreted them

inactivated quicker that circulating hormones

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3
Q

in order for hormones to affect a cell:

A

the target cell must have receptors for the hormone, can be inside the cell or on the membrane

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4
Q

major endocrine structures (10)

A

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
suprarenal
pineal
hypothalamus
pancreas
ovaries
testes
thymus

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5
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands

A

endo - secrete products directly into blood stream

exo - secrete products into ducts

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6
Q

infuncibular stalk

A

connects hypothalamus and pituitary

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7
Q

sella turcica

A

feature on the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary

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8
Q

hypophyseal portal system function

A

carry hormones directly to anterior pituitary

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9
Q

number of hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A

7

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10
Q

what stimulates or inhibits release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamic hormones

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11
Q

2 major hypothalamic hormones, and how they get to posterior pituiray

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

these hormones are packed in secretory vesicles and sent to posterior pituitary where they are stored

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12
Q

histology of pituitary gland (what you see on a slide)

A

lighter part - posterior pituitary
darker part - anterior

anterior - grainy appearance

pos - light pink and streaky

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13
Q

anterior pituitary hormones released (7)

A

growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
prolactin
adrenocorticotropic hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone

lots of stimulating hormones

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14
Q

growth hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, goes to liver/bone/ muscle/cartilage, stimulates liver to release growth factors that promote growth in body tissues

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15
Q

thyroid sitmulating horone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, thyroid, stimulates secretion of thhyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

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16
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, ovaries/testes, in females it stimulates development of oocytes and estrogens and in males it stimulates testes to make sperm

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17
Q

lureinizing hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anteriro pituitary, ovaries/testes, stimulates secretion of estrogens/porgesterone/ovulation in females and testes ot make sperm in males

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18
Q

prolactin (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

Anterior pituitary, goes to glandular cells of mammary glands, promotes milk production

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19
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, goes to suprarenal cortex, stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

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20
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do

A

anterior pituitary, goes to brain, may influence brain activity and darken skin in large amounts

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21
Q

posterior pituitary hormones (2)

A

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone

not produced here, just stored

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22
Q

oxytocin (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

posterior pituitary, goes to smooth muscle in uterus and mammary glands, stimulates contraction of these muscles during birth / milk ejection

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23
Q

antidiuretic hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

posterior pituitary, goes to kidneys/sweat glands/arterioles, decreases water loss via urine and sweat, increased BP by contricting arterioles

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24
Q

histology of thyroid gland (what youd see on a slide)

A

large oval sacs - fossicles
T thrombocytes form the walls of the fossicles (cuboidal cells)

between fossicles, there is cuboidal cells called C thrombocytes, located between fossicles

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25
Q

parathyroid gland histology (what youd see on a slide)

A

dense mass of cuboidal cells with lost of capillaries

dense principle and pale principle parathyroid cells cannot be seen on our slides

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26
Q

goiter

A

englarged thyroid gland, fossicles are 2-3x the size

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27
Q

thyroid gland hormones (2 from difference sources)

A

triiodothyronine/thyroxine
calcitonin

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28
Q

triiodothyronine / thyroxine (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what cells release it)

A

thyroid gland, circulates, increases BMR and protien synthesis, released by T thrombocytes in the thyroid

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29
Q

calcitonin (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what cells release it)

A

thyroid gland, circulated, lowers calcium blood levels by inhibiting osteoclasts, released by C thrombocytes in thyroid

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30
Q

parathyroid hormones (1)

A

parthormone or parathyroid hormone

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31
Q

parathyroid hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what cells release it)

A

parathyroid, circulates, increases blood Ca and Mg by increasing osteoclast bone resorption, released from dense principal/pale principal parathyroid cells

32
Q

suprarenal cortex

A

outer part of the suprarenal glands

formed by glandular epithelium

33
Q

suprarenal medulla

A

inner part of the suprarenal glands

formed by modified neurons (chromaffin cells)

34
Q

suprarenal cortex zones (what do each of them secrete)

A

outermost - aldosterone
intermediate - cortisol
inner - dehydroepiandosterone

35
Q

chromaffin cells

A

neurons that have no axons clustered around blood vessels

36
Q

histology of suprarenal glands (what youd see on a slide)

A

in cortex - cells form strings

medulla - large, lighter stained cells

37
Q

suprarenal cortex hormones (3)

A

aldosterone
cortisol
dehydroepiandrosterone

38
Q

aldosterone (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what hormone category does it belong to)

A

suprarenal cortex, circulates, increases Na and water in blood/decreases K, part of mineralocorticoids category

39
Q

cortisol (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what hormone category does it belong to)

A

suprarenal cortex, circulates, increases protein breakdown/depresses immune response, belongs to glucocorticoids category

40
Q

dehydroepiandrosterone (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what hormone category does it belong to)

A

suprarenal cortex, circulates, stimulates early growth of pubic hair and in females contributes to libido and estrogens, part of the androgens category

41
Q

suprarenal medulla hormones (2)

42
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

suprarenal medulla, circulates, enhances effects of sympathetic NS during stress

43
Q

pancreas location

A

in duodenum

44
Q

pancreatic acini

A

exocrine

darker purple stained pizza things

45
Q

pancreatic islets

A

endocrine

responsible for insulin and glucagon production

lighter stained parts

46
Q

histology of pancrease (what youd see in a slide)

A

mainly darker clusters (acini)
few lighter clusters (islets)

47
Q

pancreas hormones/substances produced (3)

A

digestive enzymes and buffers
glucacon
insulin

48
Q

digestive enzymes and buffers (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

pacreatic acini, flows into digestive canal, helps with digestion

49
Q

glucagon (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

alpha cells of pancreatic islets, into blood, raises blood glucose

50
Q

insulin (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

beta cells of pancreatic islets, into blood, lowers blood glucose by coverting glucose to glycogen q

51
Q

gonads

A

gamete producing organs of the reproductive system

52
Q

two structures in ovary that produce hormones

A

corpus luteum and granulosa cells

53
Q

ovary hromones

A

progesterone
estrogen
inhibin
relaxin

54
Q

testes hormones

A

inhibin
testosterone

55
Q

structures in teh testes that produce hormones

A

nurse cells (in seminiferous tubules)
interstitial endocrine cells

56
Q

histology of ovaries (what youd see in a slide)

A

many follicles can be seen
looks pretty cosmic

57
Q

follicle development (cycle)

A

primordial follicles
- contain immature oocytes

become primary follicles after FSH
- now have cuboidal epi surrounding it called follicular cells

granulosa cells
- more mature primary follicles after FSH
- layer of fluid between epi layers

tertiary ovarian follicle
- ruptures after LH surge

58
Q

estrogens/progesterone (released by, cell released by, what does it do)

A

ovaries, granulosa cells/corpus luteum, regulates female reporduction cycle, prepares mammary glands, promotes developmetn of female sex organs

59
Q

inhibin (released by, cell released by, what does it do)

A

ovaries and testes, granulosa cells and corpus luteum in females/ nurse cells in males, inhibited secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary

60
Q

relaxin (released by, cell released by, what does it do)

A

ovaries, corpus lutuem, increased flexibility of pubic symphysis and helps dilate cervix during labor

61
Q

testosterone (released by, cell released by, what does it do)

A

testes, interstitial endocrine cells, sitmualtes descent of testes before birth, regulates sprerm fucntion and developmetn of male sex features

62
Q

pineal gland location

A

posterior part of epithalamus

63
Q

pineal gland hormones (1)

64
Q

melatonin (released by, what does it do)

A

pineal gland, conributes to setting body clock, sleep wake cycle

65
Q

thymus location

A

anterior to heart, in mediastinum

66
Q

thhymus hromones (4)

A

thymosin
thymic humoral factor
thymic factor
thymopoietin

67
Q

histology of thymus (what youd seee in a aslide)

A

darker stained lobules seperated by pink CT
very densly packed at high magnification

68
Q

thymosin, thymic factor, thymic humoral factor, thymopoietin (released by, what does it do)

A

thymus, promote maturation of T cells

69
Q

disorders of anterior pituitary

A

hypo and hyper secretion of hGH lead to
pituitary dwarfism/giantism

70
Q

disorders of posterior pituitary

A

hypo secretion of ADH leads to diabetes insipidus

71
Q

disorders of thyroid gland (2)

A

hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism leads ot myxedema

lack of iodine leads to goiter

72
Q

disorders of pancreas

A

inability to produce insulin because immunce cells destory beta cells leads to diabetes mellitus

73
Q

paracrine

A

when local hromones act on nearby cells

74
Q

autocrine

A

when hormones act on the releasing cell

75
Q

holocrine

A

whole cell is destroyed in secretion

76
Q

apocrine

A

part of the cell breaks off to secrete products

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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