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BIOL 1191 > lecture 1/2 - nervous tissue > Flashcards

lecture 1/2 - nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

ramon y Cajal

A

father of neurobiology

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2
Q

nervous system works with _______ to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

CNS stands for

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

CNS components

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

PNS stands for

A

peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

PNS components (examples) 3

A

all nervous tissue aside from brain and spinal cord

  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • enteric plexuses of small intestine
  • sensory receptors in skin
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7
Q

PNS 2 subcategories

A

somatic NS
autonomic NS

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8
Q

autonomic NS subcategories

A

sympathetic
parasymphathetic
enteric plexuses

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9
Q

sympathetic NS controls (3)

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

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10
Q

parasympathetic NS controls (3)

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

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11
Q

enteric plexuses control

A

smooth muscle and glands of GI tract

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12
Q

somatic NS controls

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

somatic NS is responsible for

A

voluntary movements/changes

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14
Q

autonomic NS is responsible for

A

involuntary changes

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15
Q

sympathetic NS is responsible for

A

fight of flight
- elevate HR etc

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16
Q

parasymphathetic NS is responsible for

A

rest and digest
- lowering HR etc

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17
Q

path of nervous system (neuron names, 3)

A

sensory neuron
interneuron
motorneuron

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18
Q

functions of the NS (3)

A

sensory function - detect
integrative function - analyze
motor function - initiate

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19
Q

functions of NS - sensory function

A

sensory neurons (receptors) detect changes in the internal and external environment

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20
Q

functions of NS - integrative function

A

interneurons analyze incoming sensory info, store info, and make decisions for appropriate behaviours

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21
Q

functions of NS - motor function

A

motor neurons initiate appropriate response to stimuli by activating effectors like muscles and glands

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22
Q

two types of cells in nervous tissue

A

neurons
neuroglia

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23
Q

neuron facts (2)

A
  • electrically excitable
  • does not undergo mitotic division
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24
Q

electrically excitable meaning (in this case)

A

can generate nerve impulses (action potential)

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25
Q

neuroglia facts (3)

A
  • support protect nourish neurons
  • maintain interstitial fluid
  • undergo mitotic division
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26
Q

stimulus

A

a change in environment that triggers an action potential

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27
Q

nerve impulse

A

the signal sent between neurons
- travels across the membrane of a neuron

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28
Q

parts of a neuron (3, general)

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axons

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29
Q

cell processes are also known as

A

nerve fibres

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30
Q

examples of cell processes (nerve fibers)

A

axons, dentrites

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31
Q

dendrites facts (5)

A
  • unmyelinated
  • has neurofibrils and nissl bodies
  • receiving part of axon
  • conduct impulses to cell body
  • has receptor sites (spines)
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32
Q

axon facts (6)

A
  • has a trigger zone (axon hillock)
  • has axoplasm and axolemma
  • carries impulse away from body
  • end in axon terminals
  • can have divisions called axon collaterals
  • terminals end with synaptic end bulbs that contain synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters
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33
Q

three structure types of neurons

A

multi polar
bipolar
psuedounipolar/unipolarm

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34
Q

multipolar neuron shape

A

traditional
- many dendrites, one axon

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35
Q

bipolar neuron shape

A

one dendrite, one axon

(doesnt matter if the dendrite is branched, only if it touches the body does it count)

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36
Q

psuedounipolar/unipolar neuron shape

A

one fused dendrite and axon
(cell body usually off to the side)

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37
Q

multipolar neuron locations

A

all motor neurons
- most CNS neurons (interneurons)
- most common

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38
Q

bipolar neuron locations

A

retina, inner ear olfactory area of brain

(think sensory related without taste or touch)

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39
Q

psuedounipolar/unipolar neuron location

A

notes say “dendrites act as sensory receptors for stimulus”
- assume touch?

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40
Q

functional classification of neurons (based on the direction of impulse propagation, 3)

A
  1. sensory (afferent)
  2. motor (efferent)
  3. interneurons (association neurons)
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41
Q

sensory neurons facts (3)

A
  • may contain sensory receptor or be triggered by a receptor
  • form nerve impulses
  • sends impulse to CNS (via cranial/spinal nerves)
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42
Q

motor neurons facts (1)

A
  • sends nerve impulses from CNS to muscles and glands (effectors) via cranial and spinal nerves
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43
Q

interneurons facts (2)

A
  • processes incoming info and initiates motor response
  • connects sensory to motor neurons in the CNS
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44
Q

neuroglia facts (7)

A
  • make up half the volume of the CNS
  • smaller + more numerous that neurons
  • support, protect, nourish neurons
  • maintain ISF
  • undergo mitosis
  • not electrically excitable
  • 6 types
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45
Q

how many types of neuroglia are in the CNS

A

4/6
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglial
- ependymal cells

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46
Q

how many types of neuroglia are in the PNS

A

2/6
- schwann cells
- satellite cells

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47
Q

6 types of neuroglia

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglial
  • ependymal cells
  • schwann cells
  • satellite cells
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48
Q

astrocytes appearance and how to remember

A

star shaped
- blue ones in the diagram if that helps
- largest and most numerous
- can hv short branched processes
or long unbranched (depending on type)

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49
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A

fibrous - long unbranched processes
protoplasmic - short branched processes

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50
Q

astrocytes function (5)

A
  • provide structural support
  • processes help form blood brain barrier
  • regulate ion/neurotransmitter concentrations in ISF
  • helps form neural synapse
  • regulate chemicals needed for neuron development in embryos
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51
Q

oligodentrocytes appearance and how to remember

A

“o” for octopus
- smaller that astrocytes + less processes
- attached to axons via myelin sheath

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52
Q

oligodendrocytes function (1)

A
  • form and maintain myelin sheath around CNS neurons
    (one can myelinate several neurons)
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53
Q

microglial cells appearance and how to remember

A
  • small cells
  • slender processes
  • like chihuahuas - small but killers (phagocytes)
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54
Q

microglial cells function (2+1)

A
  • phagocytosis (remove cell debris, microbes, damaged tissues)
  • refine synapses during development
  • are the immune cells of the CNS
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55
Q

ependymal cells appearance and how to remember

A
  • cuboidal / columnar cells
  • have microvilli and cilia
  • think “ep” is the same as epithelial - same shape and appearances
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56
Q

ependymal cells functions (3)

A
  • line ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
  • produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • form blood CSF barrier
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57
Q

satellite cell appearance and how to remember

A

youll find them surrounding clusters of cell bodies (ganglia) in PNS
- picture the starfish on the wall of the tank in nemo

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58
Q

satellite cells functions (2)

A
  • provide structural support for neurons
  • regulate material exchange between neuronal cell bodies and ISF
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59
Q

schwann cells appearance and how to remember

A

the liner on the axon in PNS
- axon condoms

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60
Q

schwann cell functions (2)

A
  • form myeline sheath around some axons
  • one cell = one axon (myelinated)
  • one cell = up to 20 axons (unmyelinated)
  • axon regeneration

very similar to oligodendrocytes but in the PNS instead of CNS

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61
Q

myelination in the PNS is done by

A

schwann cells

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62
Q

myelination in the CNS is done by

A

oligodendrocytes

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63
Q

myelination in PNS process

A

schwann cells wrap an axon segment

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64
Q

what does myelin sheath do

A

electrically insulates axons and increased the speed of nerve impulse

65
Q

neurolemma function

A

aid in regeneration

66
Q

myelination in the CNS process

A

oligodendrocytes myelinate parts of many axons
- processes wrap axons, but no neurolemma is formed because oligos dont have it

67
Q

why is there limited cell regeneration in the CNS compared to the PNS?

A

because of the absence of neurolemma and inhibitory action of oligodendrocytes

68
Q

myelination increases from birth to maturity (no answer, just remember it)

A
69
Q

names for clusters of neuronal cell bodies in PNS /CNS

A

nucleus - ground of neuronal cells in CNS
ganglion - group in PNS

70
Q

names for clusters of bundles of axon in PNS/CNS

A

tract - group of axons in CNS
nerves - group of axons in PNS

71
Q

a tract functions to :

A

connect neurons in the spinal cord and brain

72
Q

a nerve functions to : (2 answers (cranial and spinal))

A

cranial nerve- connect brain to periphery
spinal nerve - connect spinal cord to periphary

73
Q

white matter contains:

A

primarily myelinated axons

74
Q

grey matter contains:

A

cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, nissl bodies

slides name all the parts of a neuron, might be able to just say neuron and then nissl bodies n shit

75
Q

in the brain, grey matter is:

A

on the outside

76
Q

graded potential type of communication

A

short distance

77
Q

action potential type of communication

A

long distance

78
Q

where do graded potentials occur? (2)

A
  • sensory receptors
  • between neurons
79
Q

are neurons polarized

A

yes

80
Q

what are the charges at resting membrane potential inside and out?

A

inside - negative ions
outside - positive ions

results in -70mV at rest

81
Q

three factors that contribute to RMP

A
  • difference in distribution of leak channels
  • inability of most anions to leave cells
  • activity of sodium potassium pump
82
Q

sodium potassium pump ratio

A

3 Na out, 2 K in

83
Q

leak channels

A
  • randomly open and close
  • more K than Na channels
84
Q

4 types of ion channels

A

leak channels
ligand gated
mechanically gated
voltage gated

85
Q

ligand gated channels

A

open and close in response to a chemical that binds to a receptor

86
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

opens/closes in response to vibration or pressure

87
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open / close in response to change in membrane potential

88
Q

where are leak channels found/

A

nearly all cells

  • dendrites
  • cell bodies
  • and axons
  • alll types of neurons
  • in other words, fuckin everywhere
89
Q

where are ligand gates channels found

A
  • dendrites of some sensory neurons like pain receptors
  • cell bodies of inter/motor neurons
90
Q

where are mechanically gated channels found

A

dendrites of some sensory neurons like touch receptors or pain receptors

91
Q

where are voltage gated channels found

A

axons of all types of neurons

92
Q

graded potentials

A

occur in response to stimulus
- differ in amplitude - “graded”
- can depolarize or hyperpolarize membrane

93
Q

action potentials

A

all or nothing, triggered when depolarization reaches a threshold
- sequence of events that decreases, reverses, and restores membrane potential

94
Q

graded potentials are found in (what parts of the neuron)

A

dendrites and cell body

95
Q

what types of ion channels do graded potentials use/open?

A

mechanically/ligand gated

96
Q

hyperpolarizing graded potential

A

more negative than resting
moves further from threshold
less likely for AP to occur

97
Q

depolarizing graded potential

A

less negative than resting
closer to threshold
more likely for AP to occur

98
Q

decremental conduction

A

when graded potentials disappear as they spread along membrane

99
Q

summation of graded signals
(what is it and what does it do)

A

when graded potentials stack onto each other
- results in stronger and longer graded potential signals OR no graded potential

100
Q

graded potentials differ in _______ based on _____-

A

amplitude, strength of stimulus

101
Q

why does a stronger stimulus lead to a larger graded potential than a weaker one?

A

more ion channels are opened by stronger stimulus, and therefore a larger GP

102
Q

where does an AP arise

A

in the axon hillock

103
Q

strength of a nerve impulse/AP is:

A

always the same

104
Q

what ion channels does an AP use/open?

A

Na and K channels

105
Q

why does the Na channel have two gates?
when are they open? closed?

A

middle gate, determines whether the channel is open or closed
ball gate, determines whether channel in active or inactivated

resting potential
- mid gate - closed
- ball gate - open
“resting state”

depolarization
- both gates open
“activated

repolarization
- mid gate - open
- ball gate - closed
“inactivated”

106
Q

what is happening with the Na channel during repolarization?

A

the gate is inactivated, NOT closed, just plugged by the ball gate

107
Q

after hyperpolarizing phase

A

a more -ve potential due to K channels being open longer

108
Q

refractory periods

A

absolute
relative

109
Q

absolute refractory period
(what is Na gate doing)

A

no second AP in response to stimulus
- Na gate inactivated, not closed

110
Q

relative refractory period
( what is Na/K gate doing)

A

second AP can occur in response to a very large stimulus
- Na gate is at rest, closed, unplugged
- K channel is still open

111
Q

absolute refractory period starts and end where?

A

start - once threshold is reached
ends - when threshold is reached the second time during repolarization

112
Q

if APs are all of nothing, how do we respond to light vs firmer touch stimuli/

A
  • stronger stimulus - higher frequency of impulses = more sensory neurons activated = more neurons activated
113
Q

why are nerve impulses only propogated in one direction?

A

because previous parts of the axon are in refractory period

114
Q

three factors that determine the speed of propagation

A

amount of myelination - faster if more
axon diameter - faster in larger
temperature - faster if hotter

115
Q

graded vs action potential comparison

A

graded
- from stimulus
- can lead to AP or inhibit AP
- in dendrites/cell body

action/nerve impulse
- from threshold being reached
- in axon hillock/axon

116
Q

types of propagation

A

continuous
saltatory

117
Q

continuous propagation (4)

A
  • step by step
  • occurs in unmyelinated axons
  • slower
  • even distribution of voltage gated channel
118
Q

saltatory propagation (5)

A
  • leap from gap to gap
  • occurs in myelinated axons
  • energy efficient
  • faster
  • uneven dist of voltage gated channels
    (most at nodes on ranvier)
119
Q

how can action potential be blocked and why might this be useful?

A

blockage of the voltage gated Na channels

this can be useful in anesthetics

cooler temperature slows propagation of APs

can be useful in reducing pain (icing)

120
Q

synapse

A

junction between a neuron and another cell where communication occurs

121
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

synapse froma axon to dendrite

122
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

synapse from axon to cell body

123
Q

axo axonal synapse

A

synapse from axon to axon

124
Q

types of synapses

A

electrical
chemical

125
Q

electrical synapse (4)

A
  • ion current flow through gap junctions
  • bi directional
  • fast
  • allows connected ground of cells to synchronize APs
126
Q

chemical synapse (5)

A
  • has synaptic cleft (fluid region between)
  • one way
  • release of neurotransmitters form presynapic neuron
  • neurotransmitters bind to receptors on post synaptic neuron whihc produces a post synaptic potential which may form an AP
  • slower (synaptic delay)
127
Q

post synaptic potential

A

when a post synaptic neuron in a chemical synapse receives neurotransmitters from presynaptic neuron, may form an AP (keep signal going)

128
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

carry neurotransmitters to synaptic end bulb so they can cross the synaptic cleft

129
Q

7 steps of chemical synapse in super detail

A
  1. nerve impulse arrives as synaptic end bulb
  2. nerve impulse opens voltage gated Ca channels on membrane
  3. increased Ca triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and release of neurotransmitters
  4. NTMs diffuse across cleft and bind receptors on ligand gates channels on post synaptic neuron
  5. binding open channels and ions flow in
  6. ion flow may result in postsynaptic potential (PP), can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing (type of graded P)
  7. depolarizing PP reaches threshold an triggers nerve impulse of post synaptic neuron
130
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

  • depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
131
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

  • hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
132
Q

can a post synaptic neuron receive EPSPs and ISPSs at the same time?

A

yes, combined effect determines result (summation)

133
Q

types of summation

A

spatial
temporal

134
Q

spatial summation

A

several end bulbs -. one neurons
same time
different sites on membrane

135
Q

spatial summation analogy

A

many people pushing a car, when they work together, car moves

136
Q

temporal summation

A

one end bulb -> one neuron
different times, rapid succession
same site on membrane

137
Q

temporal summation analogy

A

popeye

one strong guy pushing a car by himself

138
Q

types of circuits (4)

A
  • diverging - one input, many output
  • converging - many input, one output
  • reverberating - one input, one output, loops back again and again
  • parallel after discharge - many input from lots of pathways to one output
139
Q

diverging circuit example

A

amplification of signals to brain regions

140
Q

converging circuit example

A

effective stimulation of inhibition of postsynaptic neuron

141
Q

reverberating circuit example

A

waking up from sleeping

142
Q

parallel after discharge circuit example

A

for precise activities that require multiple pathways, like math problems or playing an instrument

143
Q

postsynaptic neurons integrate signals at tigger zone as: (3)

A

EPSPs, IPSPs, nerve impulses (from summation of epsps and ipsps)

144
Q

types of neurotransmitter receptors

A

ionotropic
metabotropic

145
Q

ionotropic receptors

A
  • contains a NTM binding site and an ion channel (2 in 1)
  • ligand gated
146
Q

metabotropic receptors

A
  • two seperate proteins, one is a binding site for NTM, the other is an ion channel
  • connected by a G protein, which opens/closes the ion channel (or a second messenger)
147
Q

neurotransmitter classification is based on :

A

size

148
Q

NTMs can be classified into two groups based on size:

A

small molecule NTMs
neuropeptides

149
Q

examples of neuropeptides (2)

A

endorphins, substance p

150
Q

neuropeptides

A
  • 3-40 amino acids
  • can be excitatory/inhibitory
  • in CNS and PNS
  • also act as hormones
151
Q

3 ways NTMS are removed

A
  • diffusion - move away from cleft
  • enzymatic degradation - eg acetycholinesterase
  • uptake - transported by into the same cell that released them
152
Q

why is there limited nervous tissue repair in CNS? (3)

A
  • inhibitory influences form neuroglia (oligodendrocytes)
  • absence of growth stimulating cues
  • rapid formation of scar tissue
153
Q

in PNS, repair is possible if:

A
  • cell body is intact
  • schwann cells are functional
  • scar tissue doesnt form too fast
154
Q

steps involved in repair process of nervous tissue (3)

A

chromatolysis
wallerian degeneration
formation of regeneration tube

155
Q
A
156
Q

summary of regeneration and repair on PNS tissue

A

regeneration requires neurolemma, which forms the regeneration tube (neurolemma absent in CNS)

157
Q

chromatolysis

A

nissl bodies breaking into fine masses

158
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

axon area after damage breaks up and myelin sheath deteriorates

  • neurolemma remains
159
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

deterioration of myeline sheath
- loss of myelin function
- autoimmune disease

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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