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BIOL 1191 > lecture 18 - fluids/electrolytes n shit > Flashcards

lecture 18 - fluids/electrolytes n shit Flashcards

1
Q

body fluid definition

A

fluid produced by body and is made up of water and dissolved solutes

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2
Q

what needs regulating in terms of body fluids to maintain homeostasis

A

volume
distrubution
concentration and pH

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3
Q

% of fluid in adults

A

55-60%

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4
Q

where is body fluid present? (2)

A

inside cells (2/3)
outside cells (1/3)
- 80% ISF, 20% blood plasma

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5
Q

only two places for exchange between fluid compartments

A

plasma membranes of cells

blood vessel walls

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6
Q

fluid balance definition

A

whenr required amounts of water and solute are present and in correct porportions in body compartments

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7
Q

what main organ maintains fluid balance

A

kidneys

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8
Q

processes that allow exchange of water and solutes between body fluid compartments

A

filtration, reabsorption, diffusion, osmosis

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9
Q

how can the body gain water

A

ingestion

metabolic synthesis (cellular respiration)

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10
Q

water loss should also =

A

water gain in the body

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11
Q

how can the body lose water

A

urine
sweat
lungs via water vapour
feces elimination

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12
Q

regulation of body water gain

A

regulated mainly by the bodies intake of water

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13
Q

if water loss > water gain, what happens

A

dehydration

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13
Q

what happens during dehydration (4)

A

osmoreceptors detect increased blood osmolarity

atrial volume receptors detect decreased blood volume

baroreceptors in blood vessels detect decreased blood pressure
(this will trigger the RAA pathway)

neurons in the mouth detect dryness

all of these factors will stimulates the hypothalamus thirst center, which attempts to drive water intake to decrease blood osmolarity, and increase vol and pressure

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14
Q

regulation of water loss in the body

A

mainly regulated by urine

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15
Q

why does loss of NaCl determine body fluid volume

A

because water follows solute by osmosis

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16
Q

which hormone mainly regulates water loss

A

ADH

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17
Q

what 3 hormones regulated renal excretion of sodium and chloride

A

aldosterone, angiotensin 2, ANP

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18
Q

what happens when water is lost in the body (4)

A

increased blood osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors

decreased blood vol stimulates atrial receptors

decreased BP stimulates baroreceptors in vessels

other factor such as pain stress or nausea as well can lead to this:

all of these lead to increased ADH production which causes cells in DCT and collecting duct to be more water permeable, increasing water reabsorption

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19
Q

RAA pathway

A

decreased BP stimulates kidneys to release renin

renin converts angiotensin from the liver to angiotensin 1

angiontensin 1 is converted to ag2 in teh lungs by angiotensin converting enzyme

stimulates aldosterone production which increases reabsorption of Na and secretion of K in the DCT and collecting duct

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20
Q

angiotensin 2 function

A

increase Na reabsorption in PCT

stimulate aldosterone production

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21
Q

aldosterone function

A

increase Na reabsorption and K secretion in DCT/collecting duct

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22
Q

ANP function

A

decrease Na reabsorption in PCT and collecting duct resulting in increase Na and water excretion to lower BP

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23
Q

natriuresis

A

increase Na excretion in urine

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24
Q

diuresis

A

increased water excretion in urine

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25
Q

hypertonic ECF

A

if teh ECF increases in osmolarity, fluid will leave the ISF and cells with shrink

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26
Q

hypotonic ECF

A

is ECF decreases in osmolarity, fluid will move into ISF and cells with swell

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27
Q

what happens in teh ECF and ICF after eating a salty meal

A

cells may crenate

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28
Q

what happens in the ECF and ICF after drinking a lot of water

A

cells may lyse

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29
Q

water intoxication is caused when

A

water consumption is faster thatn kidneys can excrete it

or ADH secretion is too high

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30
Q

hyponatremia

A

the lowering of Na concentration in plasma and interstitial fluid

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31
Q

water intoxication causes:

A

water ot move into cells via osmosis becuase osmolarity of ECF falls.

causes cells to swell and burst

can lead to seizures or comas is neuronal cells are effected

treated by saline solution

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32
Q

pathway of a typical situation of water intoxication

A

excessive blood loss, sweating, vomiting, etc

leads to hyponatremia of extracellular fluid (ISF and plasma)

decreased osmolarity of ECF

osmosis of water form ECF into ICF

water intoxication (cells swell)

mental confusion, seizures, coma, possibel death

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33
Q

4 main purposes of electrolytes in the body

A

control osmosis of water

maintain acid base balance required for normal cellular activites

carry electrical current allowing for action potentials and secretion of hormones and NTs

cofactors required for optimal activities of some enzymes

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34
Q

Na is mainly present in:

A

plasma and ISF (ECFs)

not much in ICF

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35
Q

K is mainly present in:

A

ICF

not much in ECFs

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36
Q

mg is present mainly in:

A

ICF (not a lot but mainly found here)

very low in ECFs

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37
Q

Cl is mainly found:

A

in ECFs (plasma/ISF)

low in ICF

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38
Q

major ions in ECF are (2)

A

Na and Cl

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39
Q

major ions in ICF are(2)

A

K and HPO4

40
Q

what does blood plasma contain a lot of that ISF contains little of

A

protein anions

41
Q

most abundant extracellular ion that accounts for most of the osmolarity of the ECF

A

sodium

42
Q

why is it importatn that sodium is abundant in the ECF

A

critical for action potentials

43
Q

edema

A

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

could be due to renal failure (cant excrete Na) or hyperaldosteronism (too much Na reabsorption)

44
Q

hypovolemia

A

low blood volume

could be due to inadequate secretion of aldosterone or excessive intake of diuretics

45
Q

second major extracellular ion

A

chloride

46
Q

chloride function in the body (2)

A

regulate electrical balance across red blood cell membranes

plays a role in forming HCI in stomach

47
Q

regulation of Cl in the blood

A

processes that regulate reabsorption o fNa in kidneys indirectly regulate reabsorption of Cl due to na/cl symporters

mostly regulated by aldosterone indirectly

48
Q

most abundant cation in intracellular fluid

A

potassium

49
Q

K function in the body (3)

A

helps establish resting membrane potential and repolarizes nerve and muscle tissues

helps maintain amount of intracellular fluid

helps regualte pH (transported in exchagne for H)

50
Q

how is K regualted in the body

A

mainly thru aldosterone by Na/K pumps

this decreases K as it is secreted by the pumps

51
Q

abmornal K levels can affect

A

cardiac and neuromuscular function - can be fatal

called blood hyperkalemia

52
Q

bicarbinate (HCO3) is present in;

A

mainly ECF plasma

53
Q

Bicarbinate function

A

plasma acid base buffer system (major role)

54
Q

main regulator of HCO3 levels (how)

A

kidneys

form more HCO if blood levels are too low and excrete excess in urine if too high

55
Q

calcium is mainly found:

A

in ECF

most abundant mineral in the body

56
Q

functions of Ca (2)

A

stuctural component of bones and teeth

important role in clotting, NT release, muscel tone and function, and enzyme activity

57
Q

regulation of Ca in the blood (2)
(what hormones?)

A

parathyroid hormone
- osteoclast stimulation
- calcitriol production
- increase Ca reabsorption

calcitonin
- inhibits osteoclasts

58
Q

phosphate in the body

A

85% exists as calcium phosphate in adults
15% ionized (HPO4,PO4, H2PO)

59
Q

phostphate functions (2)

A

present in bones/teeth, phospholipids, ATP, protein, carbs, DNA, RNA

HPO4 acts as a buffer of H in body fluids and urine

60
Q

phosphate regulation

A

plasma levels are regulated by PTH and calcitriol

PTH
- stimulate reabsorption of bone which releases phosphate

calcitriol
- increases GI absorption of phosphate

61
Q

Mg is mainly found

A

in ICF

62
Q

Mg functions in the body (3)

A

important part of bones

activated several enzymes in carb/protein metabolism

important in neuromuscular activity, neural transmission within CNS, and myocardial function

63
Q

how is Mg regulated in the body

A

kidneys excrete Mg into urine

64
Q

overall acid base balance of the body is maintained by controlling what?

A

the H concentration of body fluids (expecially ECF)

65
Q

homeostasis of H concentration is vital to

A

cellular function

66
Q

normal plasma pH

A

7.35-7.45

67
Q

3 major mechanism that regulate pH

A

buffer systems in body fluids

exhalation of CO2

kidney excretion of H

68
Q

non volatile acids are a product of

A

metabolic reactions

these acids must be eliminated
- only way is by kidney excretion other than carbonic acid

69
Q

method of pH regulation - kidney excretion

A

slowest
excreted non volatile acids
only way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid
- important role played by intercalated cells in collecting duct and tubular cells in PCT

70
Q

kidney regulation of pH

A

kidneys have Na/H antiporters as well as H pumps which secrete H ions into filtrate

syntehsize new HCO3 and reabsorp filtered HCO3 to keep levels up

overall
- low pH = excrete H
- high pH = excrete HCO3

71
Q

what cells secrete HCO3 in teh kidneys

A

tubular cells in PCT and Intercalated cells in collecting duct

72
Q

acidosis

A

blood pH below 7.35

73
Q

alkalosis

A

blood pH above 7.45

74
Q

respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are

A

disorders of Pco2 in systemic arterial bloodm

75
Q

metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are

A

disorders of bicarbonate concentration in systemic arterila blood

76
Q

respiratory vs metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

A

respiratory
- disorder of Pco2

metabolic
- disorders of bicarbonate concentration

77
Q

compensation refers to

A

physiological response to an acid base imbalance that attempts to normalize pH

78
Q

respiratory compensation

A

hyperventilation or hypoventilation to correct pH due to metabolic imbalance

79
Q

renal compensation

A

changes in secretion or reabsorption of H and HCO3 due to respiratory imbalance

80
Q

respiratory compenstation can correct altered blood pH due to

A

metabolic causes

81
Q

renal compensation can correct blood pH changes due to

A

respiratory causes

82
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

cause is elevation of Pco2 above 45mmHg

due ot lack of removal of CO2 form blood, decreasing pH

83
Q

possible causes of respiratory acidosis

A

emphysema, pulmonary edema, brain injury to respiratory centres, airway blockage

84
Q

how does renal compensation fix respiratory acidosis

A

by increasing secretion of H and reabsorption of HCO3 to increase blood pH

85
Q

treatment of respiratory acidosis

A

ventilation therapy to increase exhalation of CO2

IV administration of bicarbonate

86
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

when arterial HCO3 concentration is too low, decreasing pH

87
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

excessive loss of HCO via kidney dysfunction

accumulation of acid

kidney failing to remove H ions

88
Q

how does respiratory compensation fix metabolic acidosis

A

hyperventilation

this gets rid of CO2 to increase blood pH

89
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

arterial HCO3 conc too high, increasing blood pH

90
Q

possible causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting (loss of HCl)

gastric suctioning

excessive intake of alkaline drugs

91
Q

how does respiratory compensation fix metabolic alkalosis

A

hypoventilation

92
Q

treatment for metabolic alkalosis

A

fluid and electrolyte therapy

93
Q

RIch MDs acronym

A

RIch MDs

respiratory = inversely proportional
metabolic = directly

94
Q

metabolic acidosis characteristic on table

A

directly proportional
low pH
low HCO3

overproduction/ingestion of H+

95
Q

respiratory acidosis characteristic on table

A

inversely proportional
low pH
high HCO3

hypoventilation
- inhibition of respiratory centre
- airway obstruction
- gas exchange disorder

96
Q

metabolic alkalosis characteristic on table

A

directly proportional
high pH
hihg HCO3

loss of H, gain of HCO3

97
Q

respiratory alkalosis characteristic on table

A

inversely proportional
high pH
low HCO3

hyperventilation
- stimulation of respiratory centre
- mechanical ventilation

98
Q
A

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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