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BIOL 1191 > lecture 19 - genital system > Flashcards

lecture 19 - genital system Flashcards

1
Q

reproduction

A

process which new individuals of a species are porduced and genetic material is passed from generation to generation

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2
Q

chromatin

A

uncondensed genetic material

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3
Q

somatic cells

A

diploid

23 pairs of chromosomes = 46

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4
Q

paired chromosomes are

A

homologous

contains same genes in the same order

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5
Q

sex chromosomes are

A

either X or Y

male = XY
female = XX

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6
Q

the gene on the Y chromosome initiates development of

A

of testes and the release of test during dvelopment

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7
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

gamete

A

haploid cell
23 chromosomes

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9
Q

ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes at

A

sexual materity

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10
Q

is meiosis 1, homo chromosomes:

A

homologous chromosomes separate

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11
Q

in meiosis 2, sister chromatids:

A

separate

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12
Q

fertilization

A

union and fusion of gametes

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13
Q

zygote

A

contains one set of chromos from each parent

diploid

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14
Q

zygote divides by:

A

mitosis

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15
Q

gonads function

A

produce gametes and secrete hormone

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16
Q

ducts

A

store and transport gametes

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17
Q

accessory sex glands general function

A

produce substances ot support gametes

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18
Q

male ducts

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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19
Q

male accessory glands

A

seminal gland, prostate, bulbourethral gland

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20
Q

male supporting structures

A

scrotum, penis

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21
Q

raphe

A

externally separates scrotum into lateral portions

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22
Q

scrotal septum

A

internally divides scrotum into two compartments

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23
Q

cremaster muscel

A

skeletal muscel that moves testes close to body

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24
Q

dartos muscle

A

smooth muscle that causes scrotum to become tight to lessen surface area

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25
Q

required temp for sperm production

A

2-3 lower than body, 34-35 ish

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26
Q

how is ideal temp for sperm porduction reached (2)

A

testes located outside of body cavities

contraction of scrotal muscle fibres to elevate and decreases surface area of scrotum during cold exposure

reverses in heat

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27
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

partially covers testes

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28
Q

tunica albuginea

A

white fibrous capsule surroudning testes

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29
Q

tunica albuginea function

A

divides testes into 2-300 lobules

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30
Q

lobules

A

contain 1-3 seminiferous tubules where sperm is produced

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31
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process of sperm prodcution

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32
Q

2 cell types in seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogonia

nurse cells

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33
Q

spermatogonia

A

sperm forming cells - 2n

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34
Q

nurse cells

A

supportive cells that secrete inhibin, and regulate test and FSH

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35
Q

interstitial endocrine cells

A

located in spaces between seminiferous tubules

secrete testosterone

36
Q

waht do spermatogonia develop from

A

primordial stem cells

37
Q

what forms blood testes barrier

A

nurse cells joined by tight junctions

38
Q

function of blood testes barrier

A

protect developing sperm from immune response

39
Q

nurse cells function

A

nourish sperm cells, release sperm into lumen, provide fluid for transport, secrete inhibin

main: regulate FSH and Test activity

40
Q

length of spermatogenesis

A

65-75 days

41
Q

in spermatogenesis, spermatogonia undergo _______, what happens

A

mitosis

some stay as stem cells and others differentiate into primary spermatocytes (2n)

42
Q

in spermatogenesis, primary spermatocytes undergo ________, waht happens

A

meiosis 1

secondary spermatocytes are formed (n)

43
Q

in spermatogenesis, secondary spermatocytes undergo _____, what happens

A

meiosis 2

spermatids are formed (n)

44
Q

spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids into sperm (n)

cells elongate, develop acrosome/flagella, mitochondria multiply

45
Q

spermiation

A

sperm are released from connections to nurse cells

sperm cannot swim as this point, fluid secreted by the nurse cells push the sperm to the lumen and epididymis

46
Q

cytoplasmic bridges

A

link spermatids together (incomplete cytokinesis)

47
Q

head of a sperm contains

A

nucleus
- 23 chromos

acrosome
- has enzymes to help penetrate and fertilize secondary oocyte

48
Q

tail of sperm contains:

A

neck
- contains centrioles

middle piece
- mitochrondria for ATP and movement

principal and end pieces of tail

49
Q

hormonal control of spermatogenesis

A

puberty -> hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone -> ant pituitary release LH and FSH

50
Q

LH function in males

A

stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone

51
Q

FSH function in males

A

act on nurse cells to promote secretion of androgen binding protein

indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis
(FSH receptors are located on nurse cells)

52
Q

inhibin function males

A

secreted by nurse cells to inhibit FSH

53
Q

dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone both have

A

the same androgen receptors

54
Q

effects of androgens (test, dihydrotestosterone)

(before birth/puberty, what they regulate, and stimulate)

A

before birth
- stimulate development of male reproductive system

at puberty
- control growth, development, functioning of sex organs, male secondary sex features

regulate
- male sexual behavior/drive

stimulate
- protein synthesis, bone and muscle mass increase

55
Q

feedback loop for testosterone

A

receptor
- hypothalamus detect blood levels

input
- decreased GnRH

control centre
- anterior pituitary gonadotrophic cells

output
- decreased LH in blood

effectors
- interstitial endocrine cells secrete less test

56
Q

what pushes sperm along the duct of testes system

A

pressure generated by the fluid from nurse cells

57
Q

duct of testes system (6)

A

seminiferous tubules lumen
straight tubules
rete testes
efferent ductules
duct of epididymis
ductus deferens

58
Q

epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation (14 days)
- sperm acquire motility and ability to fertilize oocyte

propels sperm to ductus deferens

sperm may remain here for storage for months, can be ejaculated or reabsorbed

59
Q

ductus deferens

A

long duct that loops around ureter

stores sperm and propels sperm from epididymis to prostatic urethra during ejaculation

60
Q

ejactulation is faciliated by

A

peristalsis of 3 smooth muscle layers

61
Q

vasectomy

A

removal of a portion of the ductus deferens
- incision in posterior scrotal sac

sperm is still produced but cannot reach exterior

testosterone remained unchanged

62
Q

spermatic cord

A

supporting structure that ascends out of scrotum

63
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

formed by union of duct from seminal gland and ampulla of ductus deferens

terminates in prostatic urethra

ejects sperm and secretions from seminal glands into urethra before ejaculation

64
Q

urethra

A

long passageway for urine and semen

3 parts
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy

ends at external urethra orifice

65
Q

what secretes most of the liquid portion of semen

A

accessory glands

66
Q

seminal glands

A

pair of pouch like organs

67
Q

seminal glands secrete (3)

A

alkaline fluid
fructose
substances that help with motility and clotting proteins

68
Q

prostate

A

donut shaped organ surrounding prostatic urethra

69
Q

prostate secretes (4)

A

citric acid
proteolytic enzymes
seminal plasmin
acid phosphatase

70
Q

citric acid from prostate function

A

ATP production in sperm

71
Q

proteolytic enzymes from prostate function

A

liquefy coagulated semen

72
Q

seminal plasmin from prostate function

A

antibiotic

73
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

pea sized glands inferior to prostate

74
Q

BB glands secrete (2)

A

alkaline fluid
mucus

75
Q

semen

A

mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

76
Q

sperm is slightly alkaline

A

7.2-7.7

77
Q

penis parts

A

root body glans penis

78
Q

body of penis

A

made of 3 masses of erectile tissue

2 corpora cavernosa
corpus spongeosum

79
Q

corpora cavernosa function

A

maintaining erection

80
Q

corpus spongiosum function

A

contains spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejectulation

81
Q

how is an erection maintained

A

spongy structures of blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscel fill with blood

nitric oxide vasodilates arterioles

increased blood flow compresses veins, trapping blood

82
Q

an erection is a ______ refelxe

A

parasympathetic

83
Q

ejaculation is a ____ reflex

A

parasympathetic, controlled by lumbar spinal cord

84
Q

how does ejaculation work

A

peristalsis propels semen to spongy urethra

85
Q

after ejactulation

A

arterioles supplying erectile tissue constrict and veins and unblocked, allowing blood to drain

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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