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BIOL 1191 > lecture 14 - digestion > Flashcards

lecture 14 - digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 things make up the digestive system

A

accessory digestie organs

digestive canal

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2
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

continous from mouth to anus

esophagus, stomach, small intest, large intest, anal canal

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3
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongye, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

assist in digestive process

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4
Q

other name for GI tract

A

alimentary canal

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5
Q

very brief functions of all GI tract parts

A

mouth - chew/swallow
pharynx/esophagus - transport
stomach - mechanical/chemical digestion
small I - mechanical/chemical digestion and absorption
large I - absorption of water, electorlytes, and vitamins
rectum - defecation

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6
Q

how long does it take for food ot digest

A

24-72 hours

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7
Q

one word steps for digestion process (6 basic processes)

A

ingestion
secretion
motility
digestion
absorption
defecation

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8
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth

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9
Q

secretion

A

cells within GI tract wall and accessory organs release water/acid/buffers/enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract

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10
Q

motility

A

contraction/relaxation of smooth muscel within teh GI tract walls to mix and propel contents

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11
Q

digestion (2 types)

A

mechanical
- movements of GI tract that break food into smaller particles

chemical
- catabolic reactions that split larges carbs fats and proteins into smaller, usable ones

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12
Q

absorption

A

end products of digestion pass form GI tract into blood o rlymph for cells

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13
Q

defecation

A

emptying the rectum to eleminate indigestible substances from GI tract

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14
Q

mechanical digestion

A

voluntary and invountary muscle contraction like grinding, swallowing, mixing, and propulsions

regulated by feedback loops

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15
Q

chemical digestion

A

hydrpolysis of large food molecules to small molecules

aided by digestive enzymes and secretions

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16
Q

hormonal control of digestive feedbacks

A

hormonal feedbakc loops, neural FB loops, some hormones are activated by enzymes

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17
Q

layers of teh GI tract (mainly, 4) deep to superficial

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscular layer
serosa/adventitia

keep in mind some of the GI tract parts are not like this, but most are

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18
Q

mucosa components (3)

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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19
Q

muscular layer components (2)

A

circular and longitudinal muscle

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20
Q

serosa/adventitia components (2)

A

areolar CT
epithelium (sueprficial)

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21
Q

epithelium of the mucosa functions (2) and what its made of

A

protective
- non K strat sq epi in mouth, thraot, eso, and anal canal

secretion/absorption
- simple columnar epi in stoamch and intestines

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22
Q

what kind of cells does the mucosa epitehlium contain (2) (hormonal)

A

exocrine and enteroendocrine

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23
Q

lamina propria of the mucosa function and waht its made of

A

contain routes for nutrient absorption like blood/lymph vessels, nerves, glands

made of thin areolar CT

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24
Q

muscularis mucosae of the mucosa function and what its made of

A

thin layer of smooth muscle

causes folds to fold in mucosal layer to increase SA. moves to expose absorptive cells to contents of GI tract

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25
Q

submucosa functions and waht its made of

A

areolar CT
- has blood/lymph vessels, and glands

contains extensive neuron network called teh submucosal neural plexus

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26
Q

muscular layer of the GI tract function and what its made of

A

both skeletal and smooth muscle

skeletal
- control over swallowing and defecation

smooth
- consists of inner circular fibres and outer longitudinal fibres
- breaks down and propels food by peristalsis

has a second plexus of neurons
(myenteric neural plexus)

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27
Q

serosa of GI tract function and what its made of

A

areolar CT covered with simple sq epi

forms part of the peritoneum (visceral peritonium)

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28
Q

neural innervation of the GI tract (2 sets of nerves)

A

enteric nervous system
- local, intrinsic

autonomic NS
- long, extrinsic

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29
Q

enteric NS parts

A

myenteric plexus
- located between longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in muscular layer
- controls GI tract motility

submucosal plexus
- located in submucosa
- supplies secretory cells of mucosal epi
- controls secretiosn of organs in GI tract

interneurons of ENS
- connect myenteric and submucosal plexuses

sensory neurons of END
- supply mucosal epi
- detect stretching and chemo stuff

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30
Q

note: the ENS can function on its own, but can also be controlled by CNS and ANS

A

woooo

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31
Q

postganglionic ANS fibres are regulated by (3)

A

enteric NS
ANS
CNS

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32
Q

ANS innervation of the GI tract

A

regulate neurons of the ENS

parasympathetic
- CN X - vagus, supplies most of GI tract except last half of colon (Sacral nerves)
- synapse with para postganglionic neurons in plexuses, directly innervate muscle and glands
- INCREASES ENS ACTIVITY

sympathetic
- thoracic and upper lumbar nerves, sym postganglionic neruronssynaspe with plexuses, directly supply muscle and glands
- DECREASES ENS ACTIVITY

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33
Q

ENS role in digestion

A

controls involuntary movement of muscularis

local reflexes in GI tract

stimulatedd by distension (stretching)

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34
Q

ANS role in digestion

A

controls involuntary smooth muscle movmeent

stimulates by distension

PSNS - increases
SNS - decreases contraction of muscularis

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35
Q

CNS role in digestion

A

voluntary movement like chewing swallowing and parts of defecation

stimulates by presence or sight of food

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36
Q

GI reflex pathway (important)(full pathway + description)

A

GI reflex pathway regulates GI secretion and motility in response to GI tract stimuli

sensory ENS receptors -> ENS, CNS, ANS neurons -> activate of inhibit glands and smooth muscle -> alter secretions and motility

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37
Q

peritoneum

A

largest serous membrane in the body

consists of simple sq epi with areolar CT beneath

forms large folds that supply, suspend, and support organs in abdominal cavity

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38
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines walls of abdominopelvic cavity

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39
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers some organs (as there serosa)

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40
Q

organs inside the visceral peritoneum are

A

intraperitoneal

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41
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

between visceral and parietal layers

contains serous fluid

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42
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

organs outsid ehte visceral peri

kidneys, pancreas, duodenum

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43
Q

5 major folds of the peritoneum

A

falciform ligament
lesser omentum
mesocolon
mesentry
greater omentum

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44
Q

greater omentum

A

largest peritoneal fold
- covers transverse colona nd small intestine
- contains lymph nodes and adipose tissue
- contributes to beer belly

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45
Q

falciform ligament

A

peritoneal fold

attaches stomach to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

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46
Q

lesser omentum

A

peritoneal fold

connects stomach and duodenum to liver

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47
Q

mesentry

A

peritoneal fold

attaches jejunum and ileum of SI to posterior abdominal wall

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48
Q

mesocolon

A

peritoneal fold

binds transverse and sigmoid colon to posterior abdominal wall

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49
Q

functions of the peritoneal folds (3)

A

route for blood, lymph, and nerves

prevents tangling of organs during movement

anchors organs in place

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50
Q

fauces

A

opening between oral caivty and oropharynx

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51
Q

oral cavity

A

extends from lips and teeth to fauces

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52
Q

hard palate

A

body roof that separates oral from nasal cavity

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53
Q

soft palate

A

muscular rood between oropharynx and naso

together with uvulua blocks entrance to nasal cavity during swallowing

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54
Q

lingual frenulum

A

limits movement of the tonuge posteriorly

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55
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

parotid
- inferior/anterior to ears, between skin and masseter

submandibular
- mediala nd inferior to mandible in floor of mouth

sublingual
- beneath tognue

56
Q

mucous vs serous acini

A

mucous
- muscus secreting
- lighter in colour

serous
- serous fluid secreting
darker

57
Q

parotid salivary gland cell type

A

serous acini only

58
Q

submandibular salivary gland cell typ

A

mostly serous, few acini

59
Q

sublingual salivary gland cell types

A

few serous, mostly mucous

60
Q

mumps

A

painful inflammation of the parotid salivary gland

61
Q

saliva compisition

A

99.5% water

rest solutes (na, k, cl)

lysozyme, salivary amylase

62
Q

functions of saliva

A

wets food for swallowing
- dissolves food for tasting
- buffer acidic foods
- chemical digestion of starch by salivary amylase
- removal of metabolic waste like urea
-

63
Q

immune functions of saliva

A

lysozyme helps destory bacteria

IgA prevents attachment of mmicrobes to epithelium

64
Q

salivation

A

controlled by ANS

65
Q

tongue functions

A

movement, speech, digestion

66
Q

lingual glands of the tongue function

A

secrete lingual lipase that breaks down triglycerides

67
Q

teeth #

A

20 primary

32 permanent

68
Q

tooth anatomy

A

crown - top
neck - gum part
root - in gums

pulp - inner area
- contains vessels, nerves
- nourishes tooth

69
Q

where does starch begin digestion

A

in teh mouth by salivary amylase

70
Q

ph in mouth

A

6.5-7

71
Q

what starts triglyceride digestion

A

lingual lipase form lingual glands in the tongue

tehn in stomach

72
Q

what inactivates salivary amylase

A

gastric juices

73
Q

starch digests into

A

disaccharides / tri

74
Q

pharynx anatomy

A

tube of skeleteal muscle lined with mucous membrane

divided into 3 parts (naso/oro/laryngo)

propels food into esophagus

75
Q

esophagus anatomy

A

muscular tube that secretes mucus to trasnprot food to stoamach

76
Q

esophagus histology (4 layers and what theya re made of)

A

mucosa
- strat sq epi
submucosa
- areolar, contains vessels and glands
muscular layer
- upper - skeletal
- mid - both
- lower - smooth
adventitia
- areolar CT
- NO epithelium
- attaches esophagus to structures

77
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

78
Q

stages of deglutition (3)

A

voluntary stage
involuntary stage
esophageal stage

79
Q

voluntary stage of deglutition

A

tongue pushes food bolus into oropharynx

80
Q

involuntary pharyngeal stage of deglutition

A

bolus stimulaes receptors in oropharynx
- receptors send impulse to deglutition centre in brain
- bolus moves to esophagus
- soft palate/uvula block nasal cavity
- epiglottis covers trachea
- bolus moves to laryngopharynx

81
Q

esophageal stage of deglutition

A

peristalsis moved bolus from esophagus to stomach

82
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

83
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

GERD

failure of lower esophageal sphincter to close

causes heartburn

84
Q

functions of stomach

A

mixing
- saliva, gastric juices, forms chyme

reservoir
- holds and releases to SI

digestion
- carb/fats continue, protein begins here

secretion
- gastric juice into stomach, gastrin into blood

85
Q

gastric juice components

A

HCI, pepsin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase

86
Q

gastrin

A

hormone made by G cells

87
Q

4 main parts of the stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric part

88
Q

lesser and greater curvatures

A

circumerfunce of teh stomach

89
Q

rugae

A

stomach fold for volume when stretches

90
Q

fundus

A

top of stomach above lower eso sphiincter

91
Q

cardia

A

right after lower eso sphinchter

92
Q

body of stomach

A

main part

93
Q

pyloris

A

end part of stomach

94
Q

pyloric sphinchter

A

connects stomach and SI

95
Q

pyloric canal

A

before pyloric sphinchter

96
Q

pyloric antrum

A

befoer pyloric canal

97
Q

surface of mucosa in stomach is lined with

A

simple columnar epi

98
Q

epithelial cells in teh stomach descend down to

A

lamina propria to form gastric pits for glands (in the pits) to release stuff into

99
Q

gastric gland cells (5)

A

surface mucous
- secrete mucous

mucous neck cells
- secrete mucous

parietal cell
- secreted HCI and intrinsic factor

chief cell
- secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

G cell
- secretes gastrin

100
Q

exocrine cells of gastric glands

A

mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells

101
Q

pepsinogen function

A

protein digestion

102
Q

gastric lipase funcgion

A

fat digestion

103
Q

enteroendocrine cells in gaastric glands

A

G cells

104
Q

gastric juice composition from glands

A

mucous / parietal / chief

105
Q

submucosa of stomach is made of

A

areolar CT

106
Q

muscular layer of stomach (3 layers)

A

inner oblique
circular
outer longitudinal
(super to deep)

permits greater churning of food

107
Q

overview of stomach digestion (little things)

A

digestive movements are stimulated by PNS
- stretch receptors detect distension
- enteric reflexes promote peristalsis

108
Q

retropulsion

A

churning of chyme backward when it is not ready to go into the SI

109
Q

protein digestion in stomach(2 steps)

A

protien digestion begins here
- HCI denatures proteins
- HCI converts pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks peptide bonds in amino acids

110
Q

fat digestion in teh stomach

A

continues (already previously started)

gastric and lingual lipases split triglycerides

111
Q

activity of lingual lipase is increased by

A

gastric juice

112
Q

what protects stomach walls

A

mucous cells that secrete an alkaline mucous layer 1-3 mm thick

113
Q

how is HCI secreted

A

parietal cells secrete H and CL separately into teh stomach lumen

water and CO2 undergo reactions to form H and HCO3. HCO3 is antiported into blood with Cl. now Cl and H are released by Cl channels and proton pumps respectively

114
Q

weight loss treatments in obese people

A

laparoscopic gastric bypass

laparoscopic sleeve gastectomy

adjustable gastric band

115
Q

enterogastric relfex

A

stretching of duodenum wall prevents further emptying of the stomach

116
Q

accessory organs that allow chemical digestion in teh SI

A

pancreas
liver
G bladder

117
Q

pancreas ducts

A

pancreatic duct
- runs thru whole thing

accessory duct
- branch off near end

118
Q

pathway of ducts for bile/pancreatic juice

A

right hepatic and left hepatic join to form common hepatic duct from liver

cystic duct from gall bladder joins common hepatic to form common bile duct.

common bile duct joins pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla

then into lumen of duodenum

119
Q

pancreatic acini

A

exocrine cells that produce pancreatic juice

120
Q

pancreatic islets

A

produce hormones

121
Q

pancreatic juice contains enzymes: what are they and waht do tehy digest

A

pancreatic amylase - starch
pancreatic lipase - fats
ribonuclease/deoxy - nuclei acids

proteins
- trypsinogen (trypsin)
- chymotrypsinogen (chymotripsin
- procarboexypeptidase (carboxypeptidase)
- proelastase (elastase)

chymo and procarbo are inactive n pancreas and are activated by trypsin in duodenum

122
Q

trypsin and trypsinogen

A

trypsinogen is inactive in the pancreas and is activated into trypsin by enterokinase in duodenum

123
Q

what converts acidic chyme from stomach to alkaline in the small intestine

what does it inhibit/promote

A

sodium bicarbinate

inhibits pepsin/ promotes pancreatic enzymes

124
Q

liver function

A

produce bile

125
Q

gallbladder function

A

concentrates/stores bile until needed

126
Q

major component of the liver (3)

A

heptocytes
bile canaliculi
hepatic sinusoids

127
Q

hepatocytes functin

A

metabilic/secretory/endocrine cells of teh liver

128
Q

bile canaliculi function

A

small canals for bile

129
Q

hepatic sinusoids function

A

permeable capillaires between hepatocytesta

130
Q

portal triad

A

bile duct, hepatic artery branch, hepatic vein branhc

131
Q

liver blood supply

A

liver receives double blood supply
- O2 blod from hepatic artery
- deoxy blood from hepatic portal vein containing lots of nutrients, toxins, drugs

all blood circulates thru sinusoids where everything is taken up

132
Q

central vein of the liver function

A

accept secretions from hepatocytes, carry blood to hepatic vein

133
Q

what does bile contain

A

water, bile salts, pigements (bilirubin), ions

134
Q

function of bile salts

A

emulsify fats to assits lipid digestion and absorption

135
Q

liver functions in depth

A

fat emulsification (bile salts)

lipid metabolism

glucose homeostasis

carb metabolism

protein metabolism

detox/excretion

storage of vitamins and minerals

phagocytosis of worn out blood cells and bacteria

136
Q
A

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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