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BIOL 1191 > lecture 17 - urinary > Flashcards

lecture 17 - urinary Flashcards

1
Q

example of symporter

A

Na/glucose symporter

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2
Q

example of antiporter

A

Na/ H antiporter

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3
Q

two types of Na transporters

A

Na symporters

Na antiporters

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4
Q

Na symporters function

A

help reabsorb substances from tubular filtrate (glucose, amino acids, lactic acid)

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5
Q

Na antiporters function

A

reabsorb Na and HCO3, and secrete H

maintain homeostasis of pH

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6
Q

concentration gradient of solutes causes

A

CG of solutes at the beginning of teh PCT causes solutes to diffuse to peritubular capillaries

this drives water reabsorption

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7
Q

urea and NH3 are filtered at ______ and secreted by _______

A

glomerulus, PCT

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8
Q

NH3 is

A

poisonous and quickly binds to H to form ammonium (NH4)

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9
Q

how is NH3 secreted through the apical membrane

A

through Na/H antiporters

NH3 subs for H

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10
Q

how much fluid has been reabsorbed by the time tubular fluid reaches the nephron loop

A

60-70%, and 99% of organic components and ions

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11
Q

after most of teh water has been reabsorbed by the PCT, the nephron loop will reabsorb how much of the water left + ions

A

50%, and 2/3 of remaining ions

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12
Q

osmolarity in PCT

A

constant with blood at ~ 300 mmHg

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13
Q

thin descending limb is permeable to:

what does this do

A

water, but not many solutes

this drives osmolarity up

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14
Q

osmolarity of thin descending loop

A

increases from 3-900

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15
Q

thick ascending limb is permeable to:

what does this cause

A

permeable to ions via symporters, impermable to water

this causes a drop in osmolarity

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16
Q

osmolarity of thick ascending limb

A

drops from 900-150 due to being impermeable to water, but ions can leave via symporters

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17
Q

reabsorption in the thick ascending limb

A

Na/K/Cl symporters are here (apical membrane)

after symporter brings 3 ions in:

Na = Na/K pump to get Na into blood
Cl = leak channel into blood
K = leak channel into tubular fluid

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18
Q

relative negativity from Cl in the thick ascending limb drives:

A

reabsorption of cations thru gap junctions

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19
Q

when the tubular fluid reaches teh DCT, there is

A

less vol and low solute conc

only 15-20% of initial filtrate vol reaches the DCT

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20
Q

these substances represent a significant portion of remaining solute in the tubular fluid in the DCT, why?

A

urea, other organic waste

because none of it is reabsorbed

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21
Q

how does reabsorption of Na and Cl continue in the DCT

A

Na/Cl symporters

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22
Q

major site where PTH stimulates reabsorption of Ca

A

DCT

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23
Q

reabsorption in early DCT (apical/basal membrane, PTH stimulation)

A

apical membrane
- Na/Cl symporters that absorb both of these into the tubular cells

basal
- Na/K pumps
- Cl leak channels
- absorbs into capillaries

PTH hormone
- stimulates Ca reabsorption

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24
Q

what % of solutes and water are removed form fluid that reaches teh end of teh DCT

A

90-95%

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25
Q

what cells are located in late DCT and collecting ducts

A

principal cells and intercalated cells

these cells make final adjustments to volume and osmolarity of fluid

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26
Q

principal cells fucntion

A

have ADH and aldosterone receptors

increase water reabsorption (ADH)

reabsorb Na / secrete K (Aldosterone)

27
Q

intercalated cells function

A

pH regulator located in late DCT and collecting duct

reabsorb HCO3/secrete H OR vice versa depending on the needed change

reabsorb K as well

28
Q

angiotensin 2 functions (3)

A

decreases GFR via vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

enhance reabsorption of Na/Cl/water in PCT vai stimulating Na/H antiporters

stimulates aldosteroen release from adrenal cortex
- aldosterone stimulates principal cells that increase Na/K pumps in collecting ducts
- increase Na reabsorption/K secrtion
- results in water reabsorption

29
Q

anti diuretic hormone functions (3)

A

AKA vasopressin
released by pos pituitary

increases water permeability of principal cells in collecting duct
- does this by stimulating insertion of aquaporin-2, a water channel

increases facultative water reabsorption

controls whether urine is dilute or concentrated
- low ADH - dilute
- high - concentrated

30
Q

without ADH, apical surfaces of principal cells are

A

poorly permeable to water whihc leads to more urine vol

31
Q

negative feedback loop for ADH

A

receptor:
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect increase in plasma osmolarity

control centre:
stimulate ADH release

effectors:
principal cells become more permeable to water and reabsorb

response:
plasma osmolarity decreases

32
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is released when

A

large increasein blood vol stretches atrial cells

33
Q

ANP functions

A

inhibit Na and water reabsorption in PCT and collecting duct to lower blood vol / BP

suppresses secretion of aldosterone and ADH (water/”solutes that water follows” producing hormones)

overall decreases blood vol and pressure by stimulating increases urine output and increases Na secretion in urine

34
Q

when is dilute urine produced

A

in teh absence of ADH

35
Q

when is concentrated urine produced

A

in the presence of ADH

36
Q

dilute urine means

A

the body is normally hydrated

37
Q

concentrated urine means

A

body is dehydrated or large amounts of fluid are lost

38
Q

ADH regulation requires

what is this driven by/

A

an osmotic gradient

driven by
- difference in solute/water pemeability and reabsorption in sections of tubule
- urea recycling
- counter current flow of fluid thru tubule

39
Q

types of counter current mechanisms

A

countercurrent multiplication

counter current exchange

40
Q

countercurrent multiplication

A

involved juxtaemdullary nephrons (due to long loop)

osmotic gradient generated in ISF ( in medulla) thru Na/Ca/water movement in nephron loop

increases concentration in medulla

this osmotic gradient is essential to production of concentrated urine when ADH is present

41
Q

how to test kidney function (3)

A

urinalysis
- measure characteristics of urine

blood tests
- blood urea nitrogen test measures urea in blood

renal plasma clearance
- measure speed of how fast substance is removed form blood

42
Q

how is the kidney capable of compensation (2)

A

nephrons can increase in size and workload

removal of one kidney causes enlargement of the other, and total kidney functions remains at 80%

43
Q

at what % is kidney dysfunction evidnet

A

under 25%

44
Q

how does piss get thru the ureters (3)

A

peristaltic contractions
hydrostatic pressure
gravity

45
Q

ureter wall histology - mucosa

A
  • urothelium
  • lamina propria with elastic fibres
  • has mucus to prevent cells from getting piss on them
46
Q

ureter wall layers

A

mucosa
muscular layer
adventitia

47
Q

ureter wall histology - muscular layer

A

opposite of GI tract
- inner longitudinal and outer circular
- peristalsis

48
Q

ureter wall histology - adventitia

A

loose CT anchors ureters in place

contains lymphatic and blood vessels

49
Q

location of urinary bladder in males/females

A

male - anterior to ass hole
female - anterior to vag, inferior to uterus

50
Q

avg urinary bladder capacity

A

7-800 ml

51
Q

trigone

A

smooth flat triagular area in flood of bladder

52
Q

internal uretral orifice

A

entrance to urethra

53
Q

layers of urinary bladder

A

mucosa
muscularis (detrusor muscle)
adventitia
serosa

54
Q

urinary bladder mucosa

A

deepest
- covered in mucus
- urothelium and lamin propria
- has mucosal folds called rugae to bladder can expand

55
Q

urinary bladder muscularis (detrusor muscle)

A

three layer of smooth muscel
- inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer long
- internal urethral sphincter - circular fibres near urethra opening
- external urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle

56
Q

urinary bladder adventitia

A

outermost layer
- areolar CT on posterior and inferior surfaces
- covers the parts without serosa

57
Q

urinary bladder serosa

A

covers superior surface

visceral peritoneum

58
Q

urethra length in males/female

A

female - 4cm
male - 15-20 cm

59
Q

female urethra path

A

posterior to pubic symphysis, orifice between clitoris and vag

60
Q

male urethra pathway/regions

A

tube pass thru prostate and penis

contains regions
- prostatic, membranous, spongy

61
Q

histology of urethra

A

urothelium to non K strat sq, ahs lamina propria with elastic fibres and circular smooth muscle

62
Q

micturition

A

pissing

63
Q

micturition reflex

A

filling of urinary bladder causes sensation of fullness that triggers desire to urinate before reflex occurs

sensed by stretch receptors, activated at 2-400mls

impulses are sent to sacral spinal cord (s2/3) to trigger the reflex

parasympathetic fibres ause detrusor muscle to contract and internal sphincter to relax. inhibition of somatic motor neurons cause external one to relax

cerebral cortex can initiate urination of delay for a limited time

64
Q
A

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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