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BIOL 1191 > lecture 16 - urinary > Flashcards

lecture 16 - urinary Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system consists of

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

urinary system contributes to hemeostasis by:

A

excreting wastes
producign hormones
maintaining blood osmolarity
changing blood comp, vol, pressure and pH

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3
Q

function of the kidneys (general)

A

to filter blood

selective reabsorb substances needed to maintain the body

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4
Q

in depth kidney functions (8)

A

regulate blood ionic composition
- Na, K, Ca, CL

regulate blood osmolarity
- regulates water loss to keep blood at ~300mOsm/L

regulate blood pH
- excrete H into urine and conserve HCO3

regulate blood vol
- by conserving or eliminating water

regulate BP
- adjust blood vol
- secrete renin -> activate RAA -> increase BP

regulate blood glucose level
- gluconeogenesis - production of glucose

produce hormones
- calcitriol/erythropoietin

excretes waste
- forms urine and excretes it

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5
Q

hormones produced by hte kidneys

A

calcitriol
- active form of vit D involved in calcium homeostasis

erythropoietin
- stimulates RBC production

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6
Q

how does the kidney regulate blood osmolarity

A

by regulating water loss

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7
Q

how does the kidney regulate pH

A

by excreting H and conserving HCO3

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8
Q

how does the kidney regulate BP

A

by adjusting blood vol

by secreting renin to activate RAA pathway

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9
Q

how does the kidney regulate blood glucsoe level

A

by gluconeogenesis whihc uses the amino acid glutamine to make glucose

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10
Q

how does the kidney regulate excrete waste

A

by making and excreting urine

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11
Q

some small notes about kidneys

A

retroperitoneal

located between t12-L3

right is lower than left cause of liver

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12
Q

hilum of kidney

A

region through whihc the ureter leaves, and vessels/nerves enter

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13
Q

3 layers of tissue surroundng each kidney

A

fibrous capsule
perirenal fat capsule
renal fascia

from deep to super

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14
Q

fibrous layer of the kidneys

A

transparent, collagen rich tissue
- continuous with ureter coating
- barrier against injury

innermost

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15
Q

perirenal fat capsule of teh kidneys

A

mass of fatty tissue that surrounds fibrous capsule
- protects kidneys
- holds kidney within abdominal cavity

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16
Q

renal fascia of the kidney

A

collagenous and elastic dense irregular CT
- holds kidney to abdominal wall and surrounding structures

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17
Q

renal cortex

A

outermost part of the kidney
- lighter boarder

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18
Q

renal medulla

A

inner dark parts of kidney
- location of loop of henle

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19
Q

parenchyma

A

functional part of kidneys

aka, renal cortex and medulla

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20
Q

kidney lobe

A

renal pyramid, adjoining renal columns, renal cortex

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21
Q

parts of the renal medulla

A

renal papilla
renal pyramids
renal columns
nephrons

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22
Q

renal papillae

A

pyramid apex, points at kidney centre

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23
Q

renal pyramids

A

secreted apparatus of kidney

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24
Q

renal columns

A

extend between pyramids, anchors cortex

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25
Q

nephrons

A

functional cells of kidneys located within the parenchyma

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26
Q

pathway of urine in kidney

A

nephron, papillary ducts, minor/major calyces, renal pelvis

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27
Q

4 main blood vessels you need to know (plus renal artery/vein)

A

renal artery
afferent glomerular arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent glomerular arterioles
peritubular capillaries
renal vein

peritubular capillaries contain mixed blood, all before = o2 blood

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28
Q

3 capillary beds in the kidneys

A

glomerular (afferent/glomerulus/efferent)

peritubular
vasa recta

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29
Q

nerve supply to teh kideys

A

renal nerves

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30
Q

what do teh renal nerves do

A

cause vaso condtriction and dilation of renal arterioles

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31
Q

what regulates blood flow thru kidneys

A

sympathetic outflow

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32
Q

glomerular capillary bed function

A

filtration and urine formation

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33
Q

peritubular capillary bed function

A

carry away reabsrobed substanced from filtrate in cortex

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34
Q

vasa recta capillary bed function

A

carry away reabsorbed substances from the filtrate in medulla

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35
Q

nephron functions

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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36
Q

renal corpuscle function

A

filters blood

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37
Q

renal tubule function

A

space where filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) passes

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38
Q

parts of renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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39
Q

parts of renal tubule

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

nephron loop

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40
Q

site of plasma filtration

A

renal corpuscle

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41
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary network

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42
Q

glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule)

A

double walled epitehlial cup where filtration occurs

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43
Q

convoluted

A

tightly coiled

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44
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) attacehs to

A

attaches to corpuscle

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45
Q

nephorn loop

A

has descending and ascending limbs

dips down into the medulla

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46
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

farther from corpuscle

empties into collecting duct, tehn papillary ducts, then minor calyces and so on

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47
Q

two types of nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

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48
Q

cortical nephrons

A

most common 80-85%
- renal corpuscle located in outer portion of cortex
- short nephron loop, only dips into outer medulla
- recieves blood form peritubular capillaries
- creates urine with similar osmolarity to blood

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49
Q

juxtemedullary nephrons

A

15-20%
- renal corpuscle deep in cotex
- long nephron loop deep into medulla
- receives blood from peritubular capilliaries and vasa recta
- ascending limb has thick and thin parts
- created very concentrated urine

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50
Q

glomerular capsule wall is made of

A

single layer of epi cells

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51
Q

visceral layer of glomerular capsule contains

A

modified simple sq epi cells called podocytes

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52
Q

parietal layer of glomerular capsule consists of

A

simple sq epi that forms outer wall

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52
Q

main epi cells in nephron

A

simple cuboidal

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52
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of

A

macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

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52
Q

what cells in the kidney have receptors for ADH and aldosterone

A

principal cells

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52
Q

capsular space

A

where filtered fluid goes from glomerular capillaries

located between layers of corpuscle

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53
Q

macula densa

A

where the ascending limb of the nephorn loops contacts the afferent arteriole

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54
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

smooth muscle cells in teh wall of the afferent arteriole

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55
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus functions

A

regulates BP in the kidney

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56
Q

full pathway of fluid in kidneys

A

glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubuler
descenind limb od loop
ascending limb of loop
distal convoluted tubules
collecting duct
papillary fuct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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57
Q

3 basic processes of nephrons and collecting ducts

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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58
Q

rate of excretion

A

filtration + secretion - reabsorbtion

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59
Q

glomerular filtration

A

a portion of blood plasma is filtered into glomerular capsule and then into renal tubuler

60
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

water and useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts

61
Q

filtrate formed per day

A

150-180L

99% is returned to bloodstream vai reabsorption

62
Q

why is the renal corpuscle able to filter so much fluid compared to other capillaries (3)

A

glomerular capillaries have lots of surface area for filtration

filtration membrane is thin and porous

glomerular pressure is high

63
Q

filtration membrane is made of

A

glomerular capillaries and podocytes

64
Q

endothelial capsular membrane and what it permits and prevents

A

nephrons filtering unit

it permits filtration of water and small solutes

prevents filtration of most plasma proteins, blood cells and platelets

65
Q

3 barriers that filtered substances must cross in the glomerular capsule

A

glomerular endothelial cells
basement membrane
slit membrane formed by podocytes

66
Q

fenestration of glomerular capsule prevents filtration of:

A

blood cells, but allows blood plasma to go thru

67
Q

basement membrane of glomerulus prevents filtration of

A

larger proteins

68
Q

slit membrane between pedicels of podocytes prevent filtration of

A

mediium sized porteins

69
Q

glomerular endothelial cells (layer)

A

leaky due to fenestrations
permits solutes in plasma to exit
prevents filtration of blood cells/platelets

contains mesangial cells that increase glomerular filtration when relaxed

70
Q

where are mesangial cells located

A

among glomerular capillaries and in cleft between afferent and efferent arterioles

71
Q

basement membrane of glomerular filtration membrane is made of/functions

A

porous layer of acellular material between endothelial cells and podocytes

consists of collagen fibres and porteoglycans in negatively charges glycoprotein matrix

allows water and small solutes to pass

prevents filtration of larger proteins

basement membrane is teh second layer of the filtration membrane

72
Q

slit membrane formed by podocytes contain (2)

A

pedicels - processes from podocytes that wrap around capillaries

filtration slits - spaces between pedicels

73
Q

slit membrane

A

thin membrane that extends across teh filtration slit
- permits passage of small molecules (water, glucose, vitamins)
- prevents albumin

  • is the last barrier of the glomerular filtration barrier
74
Q

NFP

A

total of all pressures

net filtration pressure

75
Q

GBHP

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

76
Q

CHP

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

77
Q

BCOP

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

78
Q

formula of NFP in kidneys

A

GBHP - CHP - BCOP = NFP

79
Q

Glomurular blood hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
- 55mmHg ~

80
Q

what does GBHP promote

A

filtration by pushin water and solutes out of capillaries through the filtration membrane

80
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid already in the capsular space
- 15mmHg~

80
Q

what does CHP do

A

opposes filtration

acts as a back pressure against the glomerular filtration membrane

81
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

due to pressence of proteins in blood plasma
- 30mmHg~

82
Q

what does BCOP do

A

opposes filtration by pulling fluid back into teh blood

83
Q

normal NFP

A

10mmHg~

84
Q

GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

85
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute

avg = 105-135 ml / min

86
Q

too high GFR =

A

useful substances pass too quickly through renal tubules and are not absorbed

87
Q

too low GFR =

A

nearly all filtrate is reabsorbed and certain waster products may not be excreted

88
Q

GFR and NFP are

A

directly related

any change to one will affect the other

89
Q

how iwll severe blood loss affect GFP

A

everything will decrease (vol, NFP, pressure, GBHP)

90
Q

how will an increase in BP affect GFR

A

everything (BP, vol, NFP) will increase, but not for long becausethe body will regulate it back down to normal

91
Q

3 things that regulate GFR

A

renal autoregulation
neural regulation
hormonal regulation

92
Q

how do the 3 mechanisms that control GFR actually do it (neural/hormonal/renal)

A

by changing the amount of SA available for filtration

by changin the rate of blood flow into or out of the glomerulus

93
Q

when blood flow to the glomerulus increases, so does

A

GFR

94
Q

Renal autoregulation

A

mechanism by the kidneys to regulate GFR

myogentic / tubular

95
Q

hormonal regulation

A

mechanism that regulated GFR

angiotensin 2 - decreases GFR

ANP - increases GFR

96
Q

neural regulation

A

mechanism that regulates GFR

synpathetic branch of ANS

97
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

negative feedback loop that keeps GFR constant despite BP changes

98
Q

myogenic mechaism response to increase in BP

A

increase in BP = stretch in afferent arteriole walls = increased GFR

smooth muscle contracts = reduced diameter of arteriole = decreased renal flow = GFR decreases until normal

99
Q

myogenic mechanism response to decrease in BP

A

decrease in BP = smooth muscle fibres are less stretched

afferent glomerular arterioles dilate = increased renal blood flow = GFR increases

100
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback
(loop, waht it results in)

A

increase in BP = GFR increases above normal = increase in flow of filtered fluid within renal tubules

this results in less absorption of Na, Cl, and water in PCT and nephron loop

macula densa cells detect this, and inhibit NO release from juxtaglomerular cells. this causes constriction of afferent glomerular arteriole, lowering blood flow and GFr

101
Q

what do macula densa cells detect and inhibit

A

Na, Cl and water

they inhibit the release of nitric oxide from cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus which makes the afferent glomerular arteriole constrict, decreasing blood flow and GFR

102
Q

which mechanism is slower
myogenic or tubuloglomerular

A

tubularglomerulas

103
Q

what two hormones contribute to GFR regulation

A

angiotensin 2 and atrial natriuretic peptide

104
Q

how does angiotensin 2 regulate GFR

A

decreases GFR

strong vasoconstrictor, which reduces renal blood flow

105
Q

how does atrial natriuretic peptide regulate GFR

A

increases GFR

increase in blood volume stretches atria which stimulates ANP release.

ANP causes relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells, resulting in increase capillary surface area, increasing GFR

106
Q

how is angiotensin 2 made

A

via teh RAA pathway (see previous notes)

107
Q

which cells secrete ANP

A

cardiac muscle cells

108
Q

neural regulation of GFR

A

kidney blood vessels are supplied by sympathetic ANS fibres that release NE

109
Q

how does NE released by sympathetic ANS fibres regulate GFR

A

NE activated alpha1 receptors causing vasoconstriction

110
Q

at rest, what is the neural regulation of the kidneys/GFR like

A

sympathetic activity is minimal, afferetn and efferent arterioles are dilated

renal autoregulation dominates

111
Q

when would strong sympathetic ANS fibre stimulation happen, reducing GFR by a good bit

A

during hemorrhage or exercise

112
Q

lowering of renal blood flow causes

A

redirection of blood to other tissues

lowered urine output, keeping blood volume high

113
Q

what forms the walls of the entire nephron tube

A

a single layer of epithelial cells, varying across different parts

114
Q

PCT epithelium

A

simple cuboidal with microvilli for increases SA

115
Q

nephron loop (descending and thin ascending) epithelium

A

simple squamous

116
Q

nephron loop thick ascending limb epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

117
Q

most of distal convoluted tubule epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

118
Q

last part of DCT and collecting duct epithelium

A

simple cuboidal with intercalated cells that regulate blood pH

119
Q

where are principal cells located and what do tehy detect

A

located in last part of DCT and collecting duct

contain receptors for ADH and aldosterone

120
Q

how much water should the body excrete after urine is produced

A

1.5-2L

121
Q

how much Na should the body excrete after urine is produced

A

very little (4g)

122
Q

how much Cl should the body excrete after urine is produced

A

very little (6g)

123
Q

how much bicarbonate should the body excrete after urine is produced

A

extremely little (0.03g)

124
Q

how much glucose should the body excrete after urine is produced

A

none

125
Q

how much creatinine should the body excrete after urine is produced

A

all of it

126
Q

reabsorption

A

returning most of the filtered water and solutes back to the bloodstream

127
Q

biggest contributor to reabsorption

A

epithelial cells iwth microvilli in the PCT

128
Q

how is 99% of filtered water reabsorbed

A

osmosis

129
Q

how are most solutes (Na, k, Cl, Ca, glucose) reabsorbed

A

active and passive processes

130
Q

how are proteins reabsorbed

A

pinocytosis

131
Q

pathway of somethign being reabsorbed

A

released into ISF, the diffused into blood vessels

tubular fluid - tubular cells - ISF - peritubular capillary

132
Q

reabsorption routes (2)

A

parecellular reabsorption
transcellular reabsorption

133
Q

reabsorption destination

A

peritubular capillaries

134
Q

paracellular reabsorption

A

reabsorbed material moves through leaky tight junctions between cells

135
Q

transcellular reabsorption

A

material moves through both the apical and basal membranes of the tubule cell by active or passive transport

136
Q

apical membrane of tubule faces

A

lumen

137
Q

basolateral membrane of tubule faces

A

ISF

138
Q

transport methods

A

active, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion

139
Q

reabsorption of Na is by _____, how does it work

A

primary active transport

Na diffuses into tubule cell, and sodium potassium pumps in basolateral membrane pump sodium from tubule cell to ISF, where is diffuses into capillaries

140
Q

Na/K pumps are only located

A

in basolateral membrane because Na reabsorption is a one way process

141
Q

symporters

A

move 2 or more solutes in the same direction

142
Q

anitiporters

A

move 2 or moe solutes in opposite directions

143
Q

transport maximum

A

all transport proteins have a speed limit in mg/min

144
Q

water reabsorption is driven by

A

osmosis, water follows solutes (na , cl, glucose)

145
Q

2 types of water reabsorption

A

obligatory
facultative

146
Q

obligatory water reabsorption occurs in

A

PCT and descending limb

147
Q

facultative water reabsorption occurs in

A

late DCT and collecting duct

148
Q

obligatory water reabsorption

A

80% of water reabsorption

water is “obligated” to follow solutes that are being reabsorbed (Na, Cl, glucose)

PCT and descending limb loop have aquaporins to make them permeable to water

149
Q

facultative water reabsorption

A

occurs under control of ADH

late DCT and collecting duct have ADH receptors (pricipal cells)

capable of adapting to need

150
Q

tubular secretion

A

transfer of materails from blood and tubular cells into tubular fluid that will eventually become urine

151
Q

functions of tubular secretion

A

control of blood pH via secretion of H

elimination of certain substances like drugs, creatinine, and H

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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