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BIOL 1191 > lecture 11/13 - endocrine > Flashcards

lecture 11/13 - endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

nervous vs endocrine

A

nervous
- NTs
- target cells are specific
- effect is brief
- act fact

endocrine
- hormones
- target cells broad
- longer lasting effects
- take longer to act

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into ISF

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4
Q

general functions of hormones

A

regulate
- chemical comp
- metabolism
- energy balance
- contraction of smooth/cardiac muscle
- gland function
- immune system
- circadian rhythms

growth
reprodcution

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5
Q

circulating hormones

A

secreted into ISF then absorbed into bloodstream

most hormones

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6
Q

autocrine hromones

A

local hormoens that act on the same cell that secreted them

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7
Q

paracrine hormones

A

local hormoens secreted into ISF anf act on nearby cells only

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8
Q

local hormones are inactivated _______ than circulating hormones

waht are they inactivated by?

A

quicker

inactivated by liver, excreted by kidneys

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9
Q

general mechanism of hormone action (2)

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor
  2. binding of hormone triggers a response in the target cell
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10
Q

example of responses in target cells

A

new molecule porduction
change of membrane permeability
stimulate transport
alter rate of metabilic reaction
cause contraction

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11
Q

classes of hormones (2)

A

lipid soluble
- hydrophibic
- usually bound to transport proteins for transport

water soluble
- hydrophilic
- circulate freely in plasma

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12
Q

why are hormone classes important

A

because chemical properties of the hormones determine where the bind to their receptors

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13
Q

lipid soluble hormones (examples)

A

steroids
thyroid hormones (t3/t4)
eicosanoidsw

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14
Q

waht do transport proteins do for lipid soluble hormones

A

increase hormone solubility in blood
increase molecule size
provide ready hormones in blood stream

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15
Q

action of lipid soluble hormones (4)

A
  1. free hormones (once released) diffuses thru phospholipid bilayer of target cell
  2. binds to receptor in cell
  3. new proteins are syntehsized
  4. cells activity changes due to new proteins
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16
Q

water soluble hormones (2)

A

amine hormones (modified amino acids)
- NE/E

peptide/protein hormones

hydrophilic

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17
Q

signalling cascade process (not steps, general)

A

process of the action of water soluble hormones

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18
Q

steps in a signalling cascade (7)

A
  1. hormone cannot diffuse across cell membrane
  2. hormone binds to membrane on a receptor
    - this activates a G protein, where the signalling cascade is triggered, which activates adenylyl cyclase (very similar to smell)
  3. in cytosol, adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to second messenger (can be cGMP/cAMP/IP3, etc)
  4. second messenger activates protein kinases
  5. Protein kinases activate proteins by phosphorylation
  6. modified proteins produce a physiological response
  7. phosphodiesterase inactivated cAMP (or second messenger)
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19
Q

non-covalent bonds between receptors and hormones are:

A

reversible

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20
Q

3 factors that determine the level of activation in a target cell

A
  1. hormone conc in blood
  2. number of receptors on the target
  3. influence of other hormones
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21
Q

influence of other hormones can be synergistic or antagonistic, what does htis mean

A

synergistic - both hormones wokr togehter
- eg. epinephrine and glucagon both stimualt glycogen breakdown

antagonistic - hromones work against each other
- eg. insulin stimulate glycogen synthesis, but glucagon = breakdown

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22
Q

most hormones are released in:

A

short bursts

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23
Q

regulation of hormone secretion at a cellular level (3)
(number, what is it, example)

A
  1. humoral stimuli: chemical changes in blood
    - hormone is released in response to changing blood chemicals
    eg. Ca in blood regulates parathyroid hormone
  2. neural stimuli: signals from nervous system
    - nerve impulses trigger release of hormones from certain glands
    eg. posterior pituitary
  3. hormonal stimuli: presence of other hormones
    - hormones can be released in response to other hormones
    eg. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic H) from anterior pituitary stimulates release of cortisol from suprarenal cortex
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24
Q

how many receptors are there on a target cell

A

2k-100k

higher number = cell is more sensitive

receptors are constantly being made and destroyed, so number can change based on feedback mechanisms

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25
Q

receptor upregulation

A

start
- low receptor density
- weak response

end
- increase receptor density
- increased sensitivity

maintains homeostasis

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26
Q

receptor downregulation

A

start
- high receptor density
- strong response

end
- low receptor density
- weak response

maintains homeostasis

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27
Q

feedback loops contain: (5) (in endocrine case)

A

stimulus
endocrine cell
signalling hormone
target cell
response

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28
Q

hypothalamus endocrine function

A

regulated ANS, temp, thirst, hunger

serves as a link between nervous and endocrine systems

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29
Q

hypothalamus can make up to

A

9 hormones

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30
Q

pituitary gland anatomy

A

anterior
- 75%
- epitehlial tissue

posterior
- 25%
- neural tissue

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31
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

where the hypothalamus secreted releasing and inhibiting hormones into to control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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32
Q

hypophyseal portal system controls:

A

anterior pituitary hormones

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33
Q

superior hypophyseal artery location

A

top left of diagram, leading onto infundibular stalk

connects to primary plexus at the top

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34
Q

hypophyseal portal veins location

A

two veins extending down from primary plexus of the portal system to the secondary plexus in anterior pituitary

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35
Q

primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system location

A

top of infundibular stalk

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36
Q

secondary plexus of hypophyseal portal system location

A

anterior pituitary

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37
Q

portal system circulation pathway

A

blood flows from one capillary network, thru portal vein, to another capillary network to heart

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38
Q

hypophyseal veins

A

lead out of anterior pituitary inferiorly
to take hormones to the heart and into circulation

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39
Q

control of anterior pituitary secretion (4)

A
  1. hormones produced by neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus reach axon terminal
  2. upon excitation of cells, hormones are released in vesicles and diffuse into blood via plexus of hypophyseal portal system
  3. hormones enter portal veins and travel to secondary plexus in anterior pituitary. they diffuse into the blood stream, and stimulate specific hormones to be released
  4. anterior pituitary hormones drain into hypophyseal veins to join circulation
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40
Q

hypothalamus hormones (5) + (2)

A

growth hormone RH
thyrotropin RH
corticotropin RH
prolactin RH
gonadotropin RH

RH = releasing hormone

growth hormone IH
prolactin IH

IH = inhibiting hormone

all hormones go to anterior pituitary

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41
Q

thyrotropin RH sitmulates

A

release of thyroid stimulating hormone from AP

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42
Q

corticotropin RH stimulates

A

release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from AP

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43
Q

gonadotropin RH stimulates (2)

A

release of LH and FSH from AP

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44
Q

cells of the anterior pituitary (5)

A

corticotrophic cells
prolactin cells
somatotrophic cells
thyrotrophic cells
gonadotrophic cells

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45
Q

corticotrophic cells secrete

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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46
Q

prolactin cells secrete

A

prolactin

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47
Q

somatotrophic cells of the AP secrete

A

grwoth hromone

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48
Q

thyrotrophic cells secertte

A

thyroid stimulating hormones

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49
Q

gonadotrophic cells secrete

A

FSH and LH

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50
Q

hormones from AP and what cells secrete them (70

A

GH - somatotrophic cells
TSH - thyrotrophic cells
FSH/LH - gonadotrophic cells
PRL - prolactin cells
ACTH - corticotrophic cells
MSH - corticotrophic cells

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51
Q

MSH`

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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52
Q

how are releasing and inhibiting hromones of the AP regulated?

A

by the hypothalamus

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53
Q

how are thyrotrophic, corticotrophic, and gonadotrophic hormones form the AP regulated?

A

by blood levels of the target gland hormones

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54
Q

growth hormone full chart

A

low glucose/stress stimulates:
hypothalamus to release GHRH,
this binds to somatotrophic cells in AP.
growth hormone is released, and does 3 things:
- produce isulin like growth factors (IGFs)
- glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis in liver cells
- lipolysis in adipose cells

IGFs support muscle growth, bone growth, development

other two (lipolysis and glycogenolysis) increase blood glucose

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55
Q

main function of growth hormone

A

to produce insulin like growth factors that stimulate growth

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56
Q

IGFs functions

A

increase cell growth and division by:
- increase amino acid uptake
- increasing protein synthesis
- stimulating glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose

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57
Q

abnormal secretion of growth hormone can lead to (hypo/hyper)

A

hyposecretion
- pituitary dwarfism

hypersecretion
- gigantism
- in adults, large extremities (acromegaly)
- in kids, abnormally tall

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58
Q

excess growth hormone can lead to

A

hyperglycemia - increased blood glucoes

pancreas constantly releasing insulin

beta cell burnout - no insulin

  • can cause diabetes mellitus
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59
Q

what stimulates GH secretion (3)

A

low glucose levels, low blood fatty acids, high blood amino acids

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60
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulates

A

the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from thyrotrophic cells of the AP

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61
Q

TSH stimulates:

A

secretion of t3 and t4 (triiodothyronine, thyroxin) from thyroid gland

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62
Q

what inhibits thyrotropin RH and thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

high levels of t3/t4 in teh blood (negative feedback loop)

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63
Q

gonadotropin RH stimulates

A

release of FSH and LF from gonadotrophic cells of teh AP

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64
Q

functions of FSH in males/females

A

males
- stimulates sperm production

females
- oocyte maturation
- estrogen porduction

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65
Q

functions of LH in males/females

A

males
- stimulates test production

females
- ovulation
- formation of corpus luteum

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66
Q

what stimulates FSH and GnRH suppression

A

estrogen in females, test in males

negative feedback loop

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67
Q

what does prolactin RH stimulate

A

release of prolactin from the prolactin cells of the AP

68
Q

when is PRL released?

A

during pregnancy together with other hormones

69
Q

functions of prolactin

A

controls milk production

oxytocin controls ejection

70
Q

hypersecretion of PRL can lead to (male/female)

A

female
- galactorrhea (excessive lactation)
- loss of menstruation

males
- erectile dysfunction

71
Q

what does corticotropin RH stimulate

A

release of adrenocorticotropic from corticotrophic cells of AP

release of melanocyte stimulating hormone from corticotrophic cells of AP

72
Q

waht does ACTH stimulate

A

the suprarenal cortex to release glucocorticoids like cortisol

73
Q

how is prolactin secretion stopped?

A

by prolactin inhibiting hormone from hypothalamus (aka dopamine)

74
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

75
Q

how are CRH and ACTH inhibited?

A

by glucocorticoids in the blood (what ACTH stimulated release of)

negative feeback

76
Q

what inhibits MSH

A

dopamine

77
Q

what inhibits hormones released form corticotropic cells of the AP

A

dopamine

78
Q

MSH functions

A

increase skin pigmentation

may playa roole in brain functions

79
Q

negative feedback loops control the secretions of: (3)

A

thyrotropic cells
gonadotrophic cells
corticotrophic cells

80
Q

hypothalamus releases inhibiting hormones to control the secretions of (2)

A

somatotrophic cells
prolactinc cells

81
Q

function of posterior pituitary

A

stored and release oxytocin and ADH

does not synthesize hormones

82
Q

pathway of posterior pituitary hormones (

A
  1. synthesized in neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
  2. travel from hypothalamus-hypophyseal tract into posterior pituitary
  3. exocytosis of hormones into capillaries of PP
  4. travel out thru hypophyseal vein
83
Q

neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus function

A

synthesize oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

84
Q

ADH function

A

decrease water loss from the body

85
Q

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

A

monitor blood osmolarity

86
Q

baroreceptors/atrial voluume receptors ( what do tehy detect)

A

blood volume

87
Q

when is ADH secreted

A

when there is an increase in blood osmolarity or a decrease in blood volume

88
Q

effects of ADH

A

decreased urine output
vasoconstriction - increase BP

89
Q

another name for ADH

A

vasopressin

90
Q

where is ADH transported to? (2)

A

kidneys
smooth muscle in arteriole walls

91
Q

ADH flow chart of stuff it does

A

low blood vol/pressure/high osmolarity stimulates, neurosecretory cells in PP to make ADH.

ADH binds to arteriole muscle/sweat glands/principal cells of nephron tubules in kidneys to:
- arteriole - vasoconstrict
- sweat glands - inhibit sweating
- kidneys - increase water reabsorption

all of these increase blood volume/pressure and maintian normal osmolarity

92
Q

feedback loop for ADH

A

negative

stim - low BP/vol/high osmo
receptor - baro/osmo receptors
control centre - hypothalamus
effector - principal cells of kidney/sweat glands/arterioles
response - raise in BP/vol/lower osmo

93
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

passing a lot of dilute urine

caused by hyposecretion of ADH
can be neuro or nephrogenic

urine output increases rapidly due to no water retention cuz no ADH

treated with synthetic ADH

94
Q

oxytocin functions (during/after delivery)

A

targets smooth muscle in uterus and breasts

during
- muscle contraction of uterus

after
- expulsion of placenta

stimualtes ejection of milk from breasts

socail bonding and sexual activties in both sexes

can enhance brain function in children with autism

95
Q

thyroid gland produces:

A

t3/t4 and calcitonin
triiodothyronine
thyroxine

96
Q

what connects teh thyroid gland

A

isthmus

97
Q

thyroid follicle

A

a circle of T thyrocytes with some C thyrocytes on the outside of it. lumen filled with thyroglobulin

98
Q

thyroglobulin

A

sac of stored proteins

99
Q

follicular cells

A

in thyroid gland

these cells use thyroglobulin from thyroid follicles to produce t3/t4 along with tyrosine and iodine

100
Q

C thyrocytes produce / are located

A

produce calcitonin

located on the outside of thyroid follicles

101
Q

calcitonin function

A

lowers blood Ca

102
Q

TRH/TSH/Thyroid hormone flow chart

A

low blood glucose stimulates hypothalamus to release TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) whihc bind to thyrotrophic cells in AP that will then secrete TSH. TSH binds to follicular cells in the thyroid gland and produce thyroid hrmones (t3/4)

103
Q

synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones in 8 steps

A
  1. iodide trapping
    - iodide is transported into T thyrocytes
  2. synthesis of thyroglobulin (TGB)
    - TGB is release into lumen of follicle
  3. oxidation of iodide
    - this is required for iodide to bind to tyrosine
  4. iodination of tyrosine to form colloid
    - this step makes T1/T2
  5. coupling of T1/T2
    - this step makes T3/T4 (2+2=4)
  6. pinocytosis and digestion of colloid
    - this releases t3 and t4 molecules
  7. secretion of thyroid hormones
    - into capillaries
  8. transport in blood by thyroxine binding globulin (transport protein)
104
Q

t3/t3 flow chart when binded to body cells

A

binds to body cells:
increases BMR, glucose metabolism, lipolysis, protein metabolism

all this leads to increased ATP production and increased body temperature

105
Q

t3/t4 flow chart when binded to muscle cells in blood vessels/heart

A

binds to muscle in vessels/heart:
increases muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, BP, increase effects of NE/E

all this leads to enhancee delivery of fuel to cell with hihg metabolic need

106
Q

what controls secretion of t3/t4?

A

hypothalamus regulates release by releasing thyrotropin RH. this cause AP to release thyroid stimulating hormone from thyrotrophic cells. this stimulates release/production of T3/T4 in follicular cells of thyroid.

elevated levels of T3 inhibit TRH and TSH release (negative feedback)

107
Q

affects of thyroid hormones (T3/4)

A

affects almost all body cells

increased BMR
- protein syntheis
- more ATP produced
work with growth hormone and IGF to accelerate body growth

108
Q

calcitonin flow chart

A

high Ca in blood stimulates parafollicular cells (C thyrocytes) to secrete calcitonin. this stimulates osteoblasts (and inhibits osteoclasts) to take up more Ca in blood and deposit into bone matrix

this lowers blood Ca

controlled by negative feedback loop

109
Q

hypothyroidism can result in

A

dwarfism and severe mental disability

in adults: sensitivity to cold, weight gain, edema

110
Q

hyperthyroidism can lead to

A

graves disease
- autoimmune disease that causes production of antibodies that mimic TSH
- causes weight loss, anxiety, edema behind eyes

goiter
- enlarged thyroid gland

111
Q

parathyroid glands

A

two in each lobe of thyroid

has dense principal parathyroid cells that produce parathyroid hormone

112
Q

parathyriod hormone flowchart

A

decrease in Ca in blood stimulates principal cells of parathyroid gland to secrete parathyroid hormone.
this stimulates:
- osteoclasts to: increase number and activity
- kindeys: slow Ca and Mg loss in urine

these lead to an increase of blood Ca and Mg

113
Q

parathyroid hormone is the main regulator of

A

HPO4 levels in blood

114
Q

parathyroid hormone function

A

acts to increse Ca and Mg and decrease phosphate in blood

115
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do to achieve its goal of raising Ca and Mg in blood

A

increase osteoclast activity

increase reabsorption of Ca and Mg and excretion of phosphate by kindeys

promotes formation of calcitriol by kidneys whihc enhances Ca and MG absorption in intestinal cells

116
Q

what opposes parathyroid hormone?

A

calcitonin

this decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts

117
Q

hypoparathyroidism can lead to

A

low levels of Ca/Mg in blood

can result in muscle spasms, or tetanus

118
Q

hyperparathyroidism can result in

A

high Ca in blood

promote kidney stones

excessive bone resorption causes osteoporosis

119
Q

suprarenal glands

A

two portions (medulla and cortex)

120
Q

suprarenal cortex produces

A

steroid hormones

121
Q

suprarenal medulla produces

A

E and NE

122
Q

zones of suprarenal glands form super to deep

and what they secrete

A

zona glomerulosa
- secretes mineralocortiocids (aldosterone)

zona fasciculata
- secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)

zona reticularis
- secretes androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone)

123
Q

cortisol function

A

provide stress resistance
- promote fat and protein breakdown to make ATP
- gluconeogenisis - convert AAs into glucose for ATP
- enhance vasoconstriction

anti inflammatory and immune effects
- decrease capillary permeability
- delay tissue repair
- used in organ transplants

124
Q

ACTH and corticol flow chart

A

low blood glucose stimulates:
corticotrophic cells in AP to relase ACTH.
ACTH bind to cells in zona fasciculata of suprarenal cortex to produce cortisol.

cortisol does 3 things
- glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis to liver cells
- lipolysis
- protein breakdown in muscle cells

all of these options lead to gluconeogenesis which increases glucose levels

125
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

process of glucose being made

126
Q

glycogenolysis

A

process that breaks down glycogen to make glucose

127
Q

cushings syndrome

A

high levels of circulating cortisol (hypersecretion)

hyperglycemia
poor wound healing
infection susceptibility
fat redistribution

128
Q

what stimulates the release of glucocorticoids

A

low blood levels of it

129
Q

how does cortisol get released (whole loop)

A

stim - low blood levels of cortisol
receptors - neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
- release corticotropin RH
control centre - AP
- releases ACTH
effectors - suprarenal cortex
- zona fasciculata releases cortisol

130
Q

aldosterone functions

A

acts mainly on nephrons

promotes Na and K reabsorption in kidneys

helps regulate BP and Blood vol by water reabsorption

promotes excretion of H in urine to prevent acidosis

131
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway flowchart

A

dehydration/Na deficiency/hemorrhages causes a decrease in blood Vol and therefore BP. this causes juxtaglomerular cells of kidney to make renin. renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1. angiotensin 1 travels to the lungs to be converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE (converting enzyme)

this causes 2 things:
- vasoconstriction of arterioles
- increase aldosterone secretion, which causes increased Na and water reabsorption, while increased excretion of K and H in urine

both of these things eventually lead to rising BP until normal

132
Q

RAA pathway steps (16)

A
  1. RAA is initiated (dehydration, low NA, hemorrhage)
  2. decreases blood vol
  3. decreased BP
  4. low BP stimulates renin release from kidneys
  5. renin blood level increases
  6. renin converts liver made angiotensin to angiotensin 1
  7. AG 1 levels in blood rise
  8. Angiotensin converting enzyme converts AG 1 into AG2
  9. AG 2 levels in blood rise
  10. Ag 2 stimulates aldosterone secretion from suprarenal cortex
  11. aldosterone travels to kidneys
  12. aldosterone increases Na reabsorption which causes water reabsorption by osmosis, and K and H secretion in urine
  13. water reabsorption = higher blood vol
  14. higher blood vol = BP returns to normal
  15. AG 2 stimulates constriction in arterioles to raise BP
133
Q

what stimulates aldosterone secretion

A

angiotensin 2 (technically)

increase K in blood

low BP

dehydration

134
Q

does high or low Na promote aldosterone secretion

A

low

135
Q

main androgen

A

dehydroepiandrosterone

136
Q

androgens effects (beofre/after puberty)

A

before
- growth in both sexes

after
- insignificant in males
- libido in girls, converted to estrogens (sole source of estrogens after menopause)

137
Q

waht causes chromaffin cells to release hormones

A

NTs from preganglionic neurons (ACh)

138
Q

E and NE flow chart (first on is release, second is effects)

A

increased sympathetic response stimulates chromaffin cells in suprarenal medulla to release NE and E

NE and E bind to 3 things:
liver cell - glycogenolysis - increase glucose
cardiac muscle - increase contraction, HR, CO, BP
smooth muscle of vessels - increase blood flow into vitals organs, decrease thru parasymapthetic stuff like repoductive organs

139
Q

pancreas

A

both and endocrine and exocrine gland
99% of cells are acini (for digestion)
1-2% are islets (endocrine cells)

140
Q

pancreatic islets subtypes and what they produce

A

alpha cells
- glucagon - raise blood glucose

beta cells
- insulin - blood glucose

delta cells
- somatostatin - inhibits insulin/glucagon/hGH

pancreatic polypeptide cells
- pancreatic polypeptide - inhibits somatostatin secretion

141
Q

pancreatic islet anatomy

A

alpha - purple
beta - orange (lots)
delta - violet
Pancreatic polypeptide - yellow on border

142
Q

hyperglaecemia

A

low blood glucose

143
Q

stimuli of glucagon release

A

hypoglaecemia

144
Q

what will the release of glucagon increase (3)

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis

145
Q

what is the sitmulus for insulin release

A

hyperglyaecemia

146
Q

what will the release of insulin cause (4)

A

decrease in gluconeogenesis
increase glycogenesis
(NOT glycogenolysis)
increase lipogenesis

147
Q

the level of blood glucose controls:

A

secretion of glucagon and insulin via negative feedback

148
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

inability to produce insulin

two types

1
- cause by absolute defiencey of insulin

2
- caused by decreased sensitivity to insulin

characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)

can lead to excess urination and thirst, excessive eating

149
Q

ovaries hormones

A

two estrogens (estradiol/estrone)
progesterone
inhibin
relaxin

150
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits FSH secretion

151
Q

estrogens and progesterone functions

A

regulate reproductive cycle, pregnanacy maintenance, prepare mammary glands for lactation, maintain female sex traits

152
Q

relaxin

A

helps dilate cervix during labour, increases pubic symphysis flexibility

153
Q

testes hormones

A

testosterone and inhibin

154
Q

testosterone functions

A

regulate sperm production, maintain male sex traits

155
Q

pineal gland

A

pinealocytes secretes melatonin which is involved in circadian rhythm

located in epithalamus

156
Q

thymus hormones

A

thymosin
thymic factor
thymic humoral factor
thymopoietin

157
Q

thymic hormones functions

A

maturation of t lymphocytes

158
Q

the heart secretes ______. what does it do

A

atrial natruiretic peptide in response ot high BP

acts on nephons to increase Na and water secretion

159
Q

kidneys release: what does it do

A

erythropoietin in response to hypoxia

stimulates RBC production in red marrow

160
Q

stress response ( types of stress0

A

eustress
- helpful, everyday stress that prepares us for challenges

distress
- harmful stress

161
Q

stressor

A

stimulus that produces a stress response

161
Q

key regulator of stress reponse

A

hypothalamus

162
Q

3 stages of a stress response

A

fight or flight
resistance reaction
exhaustion

162
Q

fight or flight stage of stress response

A

stage 1
- hypothalamus stimulates bodys resources for immediate activity
- sympathetic NS kicks in - glucose supply to organs
- RAA pathway active to retain water and BP

163
Q

resistance reaction stage of stress response

A

stage 2
-involves CRH, GHRH, TRH
- lasts longer than fight/flight
- increases glucose and ATP to active cells

164
Q

exhaustion stage of stress response

A

stage 3
- resistance stage fails
- prolonged exposure to hormones
- suppression immune system
- muscle wasting

165
Q

the stress response is a:

A

neural and hormonal response

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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