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BIOL 1191 > lecture 10 - special senses > Flashcards

lecture 10 - special senses Flashcards

1
Q

visual field

A

what an eye sees

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2
Q

each visual field is divided in two halves;

A

nasal (central) half
temporal (peripheral) half

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3
Q

how do the visual fields work?

A

info from the left half of each visual field goes to teh right side of the brain and vice versa

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4
Q

where does light fall on the retina if it is coming from teh nasal side?

A

teh temporal side of teh retina

light crosses sides in the retina

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5
Q

NOTE: whatever side light hits the RETINA, the signals goes to the same side of the brain. BUT light crosses in the retina

eg. left eye, light coming from right side (nasal half), light will hit temporal retina (left side of the left eye), it will go to the left side of the brain because it is coming from the right side (nasal side in this case)

A
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6
Q

NOTE: only fibres from the nasal half of the retina cross in the optic chiasm, not the temporal retina

A
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7
Q

binocular vision

A

visual field of two eyes overlap

this is why you can see a lot when you cover one eye

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8
Q

summary of what light goes where in the brain

A

peripheral (temporal half) stimuli cross at optic chiasm, central (nasal half) stimuli do not

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9
Q

what happens if teh optic chiasm is damaged?

A

peripheral vision is impaired or lost

this is bc peripheral vision crosses the optic chiasm, and central vision does not

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10
Q

stapedius muscle

A

restrict vibrations of stapes to decrease hearing sensitivity
CN VII

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11
Q

tensor tympani muscle

A

attaches to malleus and stiffens eardrum
- CN V

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12
Q

outer bony labyrinth is filled with:

parts of this:

A

perilymph

semicircular canals, vestibule, scala vestibuli and tympani (cochlea)

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13
Q

inner membranous labyrinth is filled with:

parts of this:

A

endolymph (high K conc)

semicircular ducts, cochlear duct

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14
Q

vestibular membrane

A

separated cochlear duct from scala vestibuli (above spiral organ)

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15
Q

basilar membrane

A

separates cochlear duct from scala tympani (below spinal organ)

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16
Q

spiral organ

A

rests on basilar membrane and contains hearing receptors

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17
Q

tectorial membrane

A

projects overtop of spiral organ

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18
Q

hair cells of the spiral organ

A

stereocilia

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19
Q

inner hair cells

A

hearing receptors (site of transduction)

synapse with first order neurons

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20
Q

outer hair cells

A

increase sensitivity of inner hair cells and synapse wiht motor neurons

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21
Q

sound waves

A

alternating regions of high/low pressure traveling in the same direction thru one medium

22
Q

amplitude

A

determines volume or intensity of sound

23
Q

frequency

A

determines pitch

24
Q

helicotrema

A

where scala vestibuli and tympani meet

25
Q

hearing steps (

A
  1. auricle directs sound waves to external acoustic meatus
  2. tympanic membrane vibrates
  3. vibrations are transmitted thru the ossicles
  4. stapes makes vestibular window vibrate
  5. fluid pressure waves develop in the perilymph of scala vestibuli
  6. pressure waves transmitted from scala vestibuli to tympani thru helicotrema and to the cochlear window
  7. pressures waves push vestibular membrane back and forth creating pressure waves in the endolymph of the cochlear duct
  8. pressure waves cause basilar membrane to vibrate which causes movement of stereocilia which causes a receptor potential
26
Q

tip link protein

A

connect mechanically gates channel in stereocilium to the tip of the taller one next to it

27
Q

resting hair cell has: (7)

A

straight stereocilia
- tip link in resting position
- partially opened cation channles
- a bit of K entering
- weak depolarizing potential
- small influx of Ca
- small number of NTs released
- low freq nerve impulse

28
Q

strongly depolarized hair cell has: (7)

A
  • bent stereocilia (short bending to tall)
  • tip link stretched
  • fully opened cation channels
  • lots of K entering
  • strong depolarizing potential
  • large influx of Ca
  • large number of NTs
  • lots of nerve impulses to first order neurons
29
Q

hyperpolarized hair cells have (7)

A
  • bent stereocilia (tallest bent to shortest)
  • tip link proteins are stacked
  • fully closed cation channels
  • no K entering
  • hyperpolarizing potential
  • small influx of Ca
  • few NTs released
  • very few nerve impulses to first order neurons
30
Q

auditory pathway

A

cochlear branch of CN8
- cochlear nuclei in medulla
- some axons go to pons
- axons go to inferior colliculi
- axons go to thalamus
- then to primary auditory cortex
- then to auditory association area

31
Q

which structures of the ear contain endolymph (3)

A

saccule, utricle, cochlear duct

32
Q

vestibular apparatus structures (3)

A

utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts

33
Q

receptors in vestibular apparatus (2)

A

macula receptors
crista receptors

34
Q

macula receptors location

A

in utricle and saccule

35
Q

crista receptors lcoation

A

within ampulla of semicircular canals

36
Q

macula (ear) receptors detect:

A

position of the body/head relative to gravity (like head tilt) and linear accel/decel

37
Q

crista receptors detectL

A

position of body/head during rotational accel/decel

38
Q

otolithic organs

A

utricle and saccule

also called sacs of membranous labyrinth

39
Q

macula cell types

A

hair cells with stereocilia
- supporting cells that secrete otolithic membrane

40
Q

otolithic membrane

A

covered hair cells of the macula
- contains crystals called otoliths that move when the head moves

41
Q

kinocilium

A

tallest hair among the stereocilia from each hair cell

42
Q

hair bundle

A

stereocilia + kinocilium

43
Q

steps on how head movement affects the macula (

A
  1. head movement
  2. otolithic membrane movement
  3. stereocilia bend
  4. depolarization of hair cells
  5. NT release to CN7
44
Q

maculae in the utricle and saccule are:

A

perpendicular to each other

utricle - horizontain movement

saccule - verticle

45
Q

position of the semicircular ducts permitsL

A

detection of rotational accel/.decel

46
Q

ampulla

A

dilated portion of each semicircular duct

contain crista

47
Q

crista cell types

A

hair cells
supporting cells
- supporting cells secrete cupula

48
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous material covering crista

49
Q

how does the crista apparatus work

A

as the head rotated, the cupula (covering the crista) is dragged through the endolymph and bent in the opposite directions

this delay of movement causes the hair cells to bend, which triggers depolarization and NTs released to CN7

50
Q

equilibrium pathway

A

CN 8 to vestibular nuclei in medulla and pons
- some axons go to cerebellum thru peduncles
- from medulla/cerebellum to cranial nerves that control the head eyes and neck
- info sent to motor areas to adjust balance and posture

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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