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Anatomy II > Lecture 9: Microanatomy of Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Microanatomy of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

4 methods of classifying bone types

A

whole bone shape
degree of bone density/porosity
micro texture of bone
embryonic origin

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2
Q

whole bone shape: 4 types

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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3
Q

3 parts of a long bone

A

epiphysis
metaphysis
diaphysis = shaft

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4
Q

density/porosity: 2 types

A

compact
cancellous

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5
Q

compact bone vs cancellous bone (location, function)

A

compact = outer, strong and dense, resists force
cancellous = deep to compact, spongy, large surface area for storage

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6
Q

functions of bone (4)

A

framework = structure, support
levers for muscles
hemopoietic tissues, fat storage
store minerals = Ca, K, Mg, P

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7
Q

majority of bone is composed of

A

inorganic/minerals

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8
Q

bone matrix: 2 components

A

organic - type 1 collagen
inorganic - calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca, P)

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9
Q

3 cells in bone

A

osteoblast
osteoclast
osteocyte

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10
Q

periosteum surrounds

A

bone/external surface

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11
Q

endosteum surrounds

A

bone marrow cavity

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12
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

red
white/yellow

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13
Q

is bone vascular or avascular

A

vascular

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14
Q

can bone remodel

A

yes

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15
Q

periosteum and endosteum definition and function

A

vascularized connective tissue layers that line surface of bone
nourish bone tissue = blood supply
make continuous supply of bone cells for appositional growth

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16
Q

2 layers of periosteum: bone

A

fibrous - outer layer of dense CT
inner cellular layer - osteogenic cells

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17
Q

endosteum: defining feature

A

loose CT
monolayer of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts

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18
Q

what kind of bone makes up the shaft/diaphysis of long bones

A

compact bone

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19
Q

4 lamellar systems of compact bone

A

outer circumferential
inner circumferential
osteons
interstitial lamellae

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20
Q

which lamellae forms the bulk of compact bone

A

osteons

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21
Q

outer circumferential lamellae contains what

A

sharpeys fibers

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22
Q

sharpey’s fibers function

A

anchor periosteum to bone

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23
Q

what is the outermost region of diaphysis (lamellae)

A

outer circumferential lamellae

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24
Q

which lamellae encircles the marrow cavity

A

inner circumferential lamellae

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25
Q

how/when do osteons form

A

as bone remodels
cylinders of bone removed and replaced with concentric lamellae of bone

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26
Q

2 canals within osteons (compact bone)

A

central
perforating

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27
Q

central canal of osteon contains

A

blood vessels and nerves

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28
Q

function of perforating canals (osteon)

A

connect central canals with each other

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29
Q

micro texture of bone: 2 types

A

woven/immature
lamellar/mature

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30
Q

woven bone: when is it formed, strength

A

initial bone formation, fracture repair
poorly organized type 1 collagen
weak

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31
Q

lamellar bone: when is it formed, strength

A

replaces woven bone
strong and organized

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32
Q

when does lamellar bone replace woven bone (2)

A

formation of primary bone in newborns
remodeling to from secondary bone/osteons

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33
Q

trabeculae definition and function

A

interconnecting bony struts (in epiphysis and metaphysis)
provide internal support to bones
spongy and porous

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34
Q

cancellous/spongy bone: formed by, function

A

formed by trabeculae
high surface area for Calcium ion exchange between bone and blood

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35
Q

what is located between trabeculae (2 options)

A

marrow (red or yellow)

36
Q

2 types of marrow

A

red
yellow

37
Q

red marrow produces

A

blood cells

38
Q

yellow marrow made up of

A

adipose tissue

39
Q

osteoblasts functions (2)

A

form bone ECM
lowers blood calcium levels

40
Q

osteoblasts become

A

osteocytes

41
Q

location of osteocytes

A

lacunae

42
Q

osteocytes and osteoblasts derived from

A

osteoprogenitor cells

43
Q

when do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts

A

periods of growth, remodeling, fracture repair

44
Q

osteoclasts function

A

resorption/consumption of bone ECM

45
Q

osteoclasts derived from

A

monocyte-macrophage progenitors located in bone marrow

46
Q

when osteoblasts are inactive they are called

A

bone lining cells

47
Q

how do osteoblasts communicate with each other

A

gap junctions

48
Q

3 components of bone ECM

A

type 1 collagen
proteoglycans
glycoproteins

49
Q

osteiod definition

A

initial organic compound synthesized by osteoblasts

50
Q

what does osteoids do

A

calcify

51
Q

how do osteoblasts become osteocytes

A

embed in bone ECM
reside in lacunae

52
Q

osteocyte function

A

direct bone remodeling in response to mechanical stimuli

53
Q

how do osteocytes communicate with each other and with osteoblasts

A

gap junctions
send cell processes through canaliculi

54
Q

what are canaliculi

A

channels in bone

55
Q

how is bone ECM formed

A

1 layer/lamellae at a time by osteoblasts

56
Q

organic portion of bone ECM

A

type 1 collagen
pale appearance
called osteoid

57
Q

inorganic portion of bone ECM is added to

A

osteoid

58
Q

inorganic portion of bone ECM

A

made of hydroxyapatitie crystals (Ca bond to glycoproteins)
osteoblasts secrete bone specific alkaline phospatase

59
Q

bone specific alkaline phosphatase

A

produced by osteoblasts in inorganic bone ECM
aids in hydroxyapatite formation

60
Q

how do osteoclasts raise blood calcium levels

A

resorb bone, endocytose ECM byproducts (calcium) and secrete them into blood

61
Q

ruffled border definition (osteoclast)

A

portion in direct contact with bone

62
Q

clear zone definition (osteoclast)

A

lacks organelles
ring of cytoplasm around ruffled border

63
Q

actin ring location, function (osteoclast)

A

inside clear zone
allows bone resorption to occur
seals off subosteoclastic compartment to prevent damage to surrounding tissue

64
Q

what is the resorptive compartment of osteoclasts

A

subosteoclastic compartment

65
Q

what cells resorb bone ECM

A

osteoclasts

66
Q

how is inorganic portion of bone ECM resorbed

A

protons pumped into resorptive cavity (with ruffled border increasing surface area for transport)

67
Q

how it organic portion of bone ECM degraded

A

lysosomal enzymes secreted into cavity (with clear zone sealing off secretions from tissue)

68
Q

what 2 hormones regulate bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts

A

parathyroid hormone
calcitonin

69
Q

parathyroid hormone: function, how it accomplishes function

A

released by parathyroid gland
PROMOTES resorption, increases blood calcium levels
indirect effect on osteoclasts –> receptors on osteoblasts + osteoblasts produce osteoclast stimulating factor
stimulates osteoclast to increase bone resorbing activity

70
Q

calcitonin: function, how it accomplishes function

A

secreted by thyroid gland
SLOWS resorption, decreases blood Ca levels
receptors on osteoclasts (acts on them directly)
inhibit osteoclast to decrease bone resorbing activity

71
Q

what induces mesenchymal/mesodermal differentiation to cartilage/bone during development

A

oxygen tension in tissue

72
Q

mesenchymal differentiation in high O2 environments: process name, requirement

A

osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts to form bone –> intramembranous ossification
need vascularized mesenchyme to supply O2

73
Q

mesenchymal differentiation in low O2 environments: process name

A

chondrogenic cells and chondrocytes that form hyaline cartilage
blood vessels grow into cartilage = high O2 environment –> calcify cartilage ECM –> replaced with bone
endochondral ossification
result = highly vascularized bone

74
Q

2 types of bone ossification processes

A

intramembranous
endochondral

75
Q

steps of intramembranous ossification

A

high O2: mesenchymal cells near blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts
osteoblasts form bone trabeculae –> ossification centers
trabeculae enlarge, fuse and remodel to form bones with compact bone on external surfaces and trabecular bone + marrow cavities internally

76
Q

kind of ossification process for flat bones of cranium

A

intramembranous

77
Q

steps of endochondral ossification

A

low O2 environment induces mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes that form hyaline cartilage
blood vessels invade cartilage –> induces formation of ossification centers where bone cell migrate and replace cartilage with bone
growth plate remains between epiphysis and diaphysis
growth ends when growth plates are vascularized and replaced with bone

78
Q

growth plate is made of

A

sheet of hyaline cartilage

79
Q

what kind of growth is growth plate responsible for

A

longitudinal

80
Q

5 zones of growth plate (superficial to deep)

A

zone of reserve
zone of proliferation
zone of hypertrophy
zone of calcification
zone of ossification

81
Q

zone of reserve: growth plate

A

directs proliferation

82
Q

zone of proliferation: growth plate

A

chondrocyte mitosis

83
Q

zone of hypertrophy: growth plate

A

chondrocytes enlarge bringing in O2

84
Q

zone of calcification: growth plate

A

chondrocytes calcify the ECM

85
Q

zone of ossification: growth plate

A

cartilage is replaced with bone

Anatomy II (36 decks)

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