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Anatomy II > Lecture 28: Ear > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Ear Flashcards

1
Q

2 functions of ear

A

balance and orientation
hearing

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2
Q

balance and orientation involves detecting

A

movement of body relative to outside world

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3
Q

hearing involves detecting

A

movement of outside world

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4
Q

3 parts of hearing and balance apparatus

A

inner ear
middle ear
external/outer ear

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5
Q

inner ear: definition/location, functions

A

fluid filled space within petrous portion of temporal bone
hearing and balance

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6
Q

middle ear: definition/location, function

A

air filled space within petrous and tympanic portions of temporal bone
hearing

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7
Q

external/outer ear: location, function

A

emerges from tympanic part of temporal bone and continued by additional cartilaginous pieces
hearing

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8
Q

waves in water vs air

A

waves in water don’t lose energy
waves in air lose energy from air to ear fluids

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9
Q

typanic ear cavity: definition, function

A

ear drum
air filled middle ear
bony connection to inner ear

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10
Q

middle ear aka

A

tympanic cavity

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11
Q

primary function of middle ear/tympanic cavity

A

transmit sound vibration from lateral external ear to more medial inner ear

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12
Q

function of tympanic membrane/eardrum

A

separate middle ear from external ear

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13
Q

3 main walls of middle ear

A

tympanic membrane/eardrum
ear ossicles/ossicular chain
oval window/fenestra ovalis

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14
Q

fenestra ovalis/oval window

A

on medial wall of tympanic cavity
between middle ear and inner ear

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15
Q

ear ossicles/ossicular chain: definition/components, location

A

3 little bones = malleus, incus, stapes
connect tympanic membrane to inner ear allowing for transmission of sound waves

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16
Q

stapes: definition/location, function

A

oval shaped footplate fits into oval window
causes vibrations in perilymph of inner ear
transmits vibrations from outside head to inner ear

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17
Q

what is the only true ossicle in non mammals

A

stapes

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18
Q

how many small bones do all mammals have in middle ear

A

3 = stapes, incus, malleus

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19
Q

incus: definition, location

A

intermediate bone between malleus and stapes
articulates with them via synovial joints

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20
Q

malleus: definition, location

A

body/manubrium is fixed to tympanic membrane so vibrations of membrane are passed along ossicular chain

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21
Q

2 muscles in middle ear associated with ossicles

A

tensor tympani
stapedius

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22
Q

“probable” actions (2) of tensor tympani and stapedius

A

clarify hearing
protect from excessively loud sounds

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23
Q

tensor tympani: OIN

A

O - anterior wall of middle ear
I - body of malleus
N - mandibular nerve V3

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24
Q

stapedius: OIN

A

O - posterior wall of middle ear
I - head of stapes
N - facial nerve (CN VII)

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25
Q

what nerve transmits sensory from mucosa lining middle ear (tympanic membrane)

A

glossopharyngeal

26
Q

what nerve passes through middle ear cavity

A

glossopharyngeal

27
Q

minor petrosal nerve is branch of

A

glossopharyngeal

28
Q

1st branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

minor petrosal nerve

29
Q

minor petrosal nerve: function, path/ganglion

A

carries parasympathetic axons from CN IX/glossopharyngeal to otic ganglion

30
Q

path of facial nerve (foramina)

A

from internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen
through posterior wall of tympanic cavity

31
Q

2 branches of facial nerve in ear

A

major petrosal nerve
chorda tympani

32
Q

major petrosal nerve: parent nerve, function

A

branch of facial nerve
carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons from facial nerve to pterygopalatine ganglion

33
Q

chorda tympani: parent nerve, path, functions

A

branch of facial nerve
carries preganglionic parasympathetic input to mandibular and sublingual ganglia
carries taste from rostral portion of tongue
crosses tympanic membrane to get to lingual nerve in infratemporal fossa, axons hitchhike to oral cavity on lingual

34
Q

relationship of air pressure in middle ear cavity vs outside for most efficient functioning of tympanic membrane

A

must be equal

35
Q

auditory/eustacean tube: function

A

connects middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

36
Q

normal state of auditory/eustacean tube

A

pressed closed and must be actively opened to equalize air pressure

37
Q

how auditory/eustacean tube is manipulated to maintain air pressure

A

tensor and levator veli palatini parallel auditory tube and open it upon contraction so pressure can equalize

38
Q

otitis media: definition, how caused

A

infection of middle ear cavity
build up of infectious fluid in tympanic cavity
impacts sensitivity of hearing by dampening vibrations of tympanic membrane
possible lesions of nerves passing through space

39
Q

what’s special about tympanic bulla in cats (+ clinical correlation)

A

can be palpated externally
otitis media can make area sensitive

40
Q

how can stubborn otitis media infections be drained

A

surgically opening tympanic bulla into nasopharynx

41
Q

what is the only part of the ear apparatus with directly visible aspect (and what is this aspect called)

A

external ear
pinna/auricle

42
Q

auricle/pinna: location, functions

A

external ear
funnel and focus sound into external auditory canal
help with detection of sound direction

43
Q

what is anatomical position of auricles/pinnas

A

erect and alert
rostral = concave, lightly haired surface
caudal = convex furred surface

44
Q

adaptations of auricle: examples

A

thermoregulation = jack rabbits
communication = elephants
improved olfactory efficiency = hound dog

45
Q

cerumen: definition, function

A

earwax
keep canal clean and free of particles that might interfere with sensitive tympanic membrane

46
Q

2 components of external auditory canal

A

vertical canal
horizontal canal

47
Q

what glands produce earwax

A

ceruminous glands

48
Q

6 features of cartilage that supports auricle/pinna

A

helix
scapha
tragus
antitragus
intertragic incisor
cutaneous marginal pouch

49
Q

scutiform cartilage: location/definition, function

A

smaller isolated cartilage associated with musculature of external ear
provide leverage for muscles

50
Q

auricular muscles that provide fine control of position and attitude of auricle are considered muscle of

A

facial expression

51
Q

is the auricle highly vascularized

A

yes

52
Q

blood supply to auricle (2)

A

rostral auricular
caudal auricular

53
Q

rostral auricular artery: parent artery, what supplied

A

superficial temporal artery
rostral concave surface of auricle

54
Q

caudal auricular artery: parent artery, what supplied, how many branches

A

external carotid
4 large branches
rostral surface of auricle

55
Q

4 branches of caudal auricular artery and where they go

A

medial
lateral
intermediate
deep
*caudal surface of auricle

56
Q

significance of extensive blood supply to external ear (clinical correlation)

A

insignificant trauma can lead to vascular rupture
aural hematoma

57
Q

aural hematoma: definition, intervention

A

blood pools in ear and separates skin from underlying cartilage
surgical intervention

58
Q

sensory innervation from caudal surface of auricle (2 rami origin and 2 specific branches)

A

ventral rami of C2 = greater auricular nerve on lateral side
dorsal rami of C2 = greater occipital nerve on medial side

59
Q

lateral vs medial sensory innervation from auricle

A

lateral = greater auricular nerve
medial = greater occipital nerve

60
Q

2 cranial nerves: sensory innervation from rostral surface of auricle

A

auriculotemporal V3
vagus nerve CN X

61
Q

external vs internal surface of tympanic: innervation

A

external = vagus + V3
internal = glossopharyngeal

62
Q

auricular branch of vagus: path, what’s innervated

A

through petrous portion of temporal bone
external auditory canal and lateral surface of tympanic membrane

Anatomy II (36 decks)

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