Lecture 14: Artiodactyl and Perissodactyl Manus and Hoof Flashcards
5 external regions of manus in horse
knee
cannon
fetlock
pastern
hoof
what bones make up the cannon (3)
metacarpus II, III and IV
what bones make up the fetlock (3)
metacarpus III
phalanx I
proximal sesamoid bones
what bones make up the pastern (2)
phalanx I
phalanx II
what bones make up the hoof (3)
phalanx II
phalanx III
distal sesamoid
carpus =
knee
1st, 2nd and 3rd carpals in cattle
1st is absent
2 and 3 are fused
great metacarpus in cattle composed of what 2 bones
metacarpus III and IV
great metacarpus in horses composed of what bone
metacarpus III
proximal vs distal sesamoid bones: number per digit
1 distal per digit
2 proximal per digit
of the 5 external region of manus in horses, which one does not contain a joint
cannon
4 knee joints: horse
radiocarpal
ulnocarpal
intercarpal
carpometacarpal
fetlock joint name
metacarphophalangeal
pastern joint name
proximal interphalangeal
between phalanx 1 and 2
hoof joint name
distal interphalangeal
between phalanx 2 and 3
3 ligaments in horse knee
collateral ligaments
intercarpal ligaments
accessory ligaments
importance of collateral ligaments: horse
prevent joint from bending side to side
importance of intercarpal ligaments: horse
keep carpal bones together
only allow spaces between bones at the dorsal side (for flexion of limb)
importance of accessory ligaments: horse
keep accessory bone in place
ligaments (one type) in fetlock, pastern and hoof: horse
collateral articular ligaments
importance/location of collateral articular ligaments: horse
lateral and medial
prevent joint from bending from side to side
keep bones together
ligaments in fetlock, pastern and hoof: cattle (2)
abaxial articular ligaments
axial articular ligaments
4 tendons in horse
common digital extensor
lateral digital extensor
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor
4 ligaments in cannon: horse
carpal check
suspensory
annular
sesamoid
common digital extensor tendon: location, features, insertions (3)
enveloped by synovial sheath
at carpal and metacarpal regions
extensor process of PIII, proximal regions of PI and PII, external surface of lateral cartilages
synovial sheath definition
extension of articular capsule that encloses tendons
lateral digital extensor tendon: insertion
dorsal aspect of proximal PI
superficial digital flexor tendon aka
flexor perforatus (perforated)
superficial digital flexor tendon encloses
deep digital flexor tendon
superficial digital flexor tendon enclosed by
synovial sheath
superficial digital flexor tendon: 2 insertions
lateral and medial surfaces of PII
lateral and medial aspects of PI
deep digital flexor tendon aka
flexor perforans (perforating)
deep digital flexor tendon enclosed for
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor tendon insertion
semilunar line of solar surface of PIII
check ligament: OIA
O - palmar surface of great metacarpus
I - deep region of deep digital flexor
A - reinforce tendon of deep digital flexor
suspensory ligament aka (2)
superior sesamoid ligament
interosseus muscle
suspensory ligament: origin, insertion, importance
o- palmar carpal fascia
I - proximal to fetlock, divides into 2 branches that join lateral and medial regions of proximal sesamoid bones and phalanx I
part of passive stay apparatus
3 distal sesamoid ligaments
medial oblique sesamoid I
straight sesamoid I
lateral oblique sesamoid I
distal sesamoid ligaments: O,I, importance
O - distal part of proximal sesamoid bones
I - palmar region of PII
part of passive stay apparatus
3 annular ligaments
palmar
proximal digital
distal digital
functions of all 3 annular ligaments (2)
reinforce joints
work as flexor retinacula
palmar annular ligament: location, origin, insertion
cover palmar region of fetlock
O - proximal sesamoid bones
I - superficial digital flexor
proximal digital annular ligament: location, origin, insertion
cover palmar region of proximal pastern
O - 2 branches from medial and lateral PI
I - 2 branches on medial and lateral PI, fuse with superficial digital flexor
distal digital annular ligament: location, origin, insertion
covers deep digital flexor
O - palmar surface of PII
I - 2 branches to PI
2 tendons within common digital extensor: cattle
lateral tendon
medial tendon
2 digital extensor tendons in cattle
common digital
lateral digital
2 digital flexor tendons in cattle (similar to horse)
superficial digital
deep digital
relationship between superficial and deep digital flexors: cattle
superficial encloses deep
do cattle have an interosseus muscle
yes
3 annular ligaments in cattle
palmar
proximal digital
distal digital
function of interdigital ligaments: cattle
restrict separation of digits
distal interdigital ligament: cattle
cruciate ligament
2 main origins of blood supply: horses
median artery
collateral ulnar artery
2 main origins of blood supply: cattle
lateral and medial digital arteries
palmar common digital artery
innervation difference between cattle and horses
cattle have radial nerve, horses do not
2 main nerves of manus: horse
median
ulnar
3 main nerves of manus: cattle
median
ulnar
radial
tendonitis: definition
bowed tendons = swelling of digital flexors
what is the most common non fatal career ending injury for racehorses
tendonitis
tendon rupture of flexor tendons: effect, potential tendons involved
permanent hyperextension of fetlock
varied degree depending on number of tendons involved: superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor, interosseus
rank increasing degree of hyperextension with number of flexor tendons involved
superficial digital flexor –> superficial digital flexor + deep digital flexor –> superficial, digital and interosseus
complete rupture of extensor tendons lead to
permanent flexion of fetlock