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Anatomy II > Lecture 33: Pharynx-Larynx > Flashcards

Lecture 33: Pharynx-Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

Larynx: definition, articulates with, location

A

Structure at end of cranial end of respiratory system
Complex of several cartilages
Articulates with temporal bone via hyoid apparatus

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2
Q

Developmental origin of larynx and bronchial tree (and effect on anatomical relationship with another structure)

A

Offshoots of digestive tract
Retain relationship with pharynx

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3
Q

3 functions of larynx

A

Protection/isolation from digestive tract
Control of pulmonary air pressure (and intra thoracic and intra abdominal pressures)
Focalization

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4
Q

4 main cartilages of larynx

A

Epiglottis
Artyenoid
Thyroid
Cricoid

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5
Q

Which laryngeal cartilage is paired

A

arytenoid

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6
Q

Which laryngeal cartilages are unpaired

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid

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7
Q

Epiglottis: definition, location

A

Leaf shaped cartilage that extends from larynx to position caudal to last 1/3 of tongue

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8
Q

Which part of epiglottis articulates with thyroid cartilage on ventral midline

A

Stalk

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9
Q

Thyroid cartilage is composed of (2)

A

2 broad laminae fused ventrally but open dorsally = cranial and caudal horns

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10
Q

Cranial horn of thyroid cartilage articulates with

A

Thyrohyoid element of hyoid

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11
Q

Caudal horn of thyroid cartilage articulates with

A

Cricoid cartilage

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12
Q

Cricoid cartilage: definition, articulates with

A

Complete ring of cartilage with broad dorsal lamina
Articulates with thyroid cartilage at junction of lamina and vertebral arch = Cricothyroid joint

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13
Q

Arytenoid cartilage: definition, location, articulates with

A

Irregularly shaped cartilages with smaller fused cartilages
Articulates with cricoid cartilage on either side of cranial/Rostral edge of lamina
Within space bounded by thyroid cartilage

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14
Q

What type of joint exists between cricoid and each arytenoid cartilage

A

Synovial

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15
Q

What 3 movements are permitted at synovial joint between cricoid and arytenoid cartilages

A

Rotation around axis from cricoid to arytenoid
Medial lateral sliding
Limited dorsal ventral sliding

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16
Q

2 processes (muscle attachments) important for arytenoid functions

A

Muscular process
Vocal process

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17
Q

2 ligaments of larynx

A

Vestibular
Vocal

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18
Q

Vestibular ligament: location, function

A

Caudal edge of membrane that connects lateral sides of epiglottis to cranial end of arytenoid

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19
Q

Vocal ligament: location, function

A

Cranial edge of membrane that connects cricoid, thyroid and vocal processes of arytenoid

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20
Q

Vestibular fold definition

A

Vestibular ligament + overlying mucosa

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21
Q

Vocal fold

A

Vocal ligament + overlying mucosa

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22
Q

laryngeal ventricle

A

Pocket of mucosa formed between vestibular and vocal folds

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23
Q

What happens if you add mucosa layer to vestibular/vocal ligaments

A

Become folds

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24
Q

Only Laryngeal muscle that is visible external to larynx

A

Cricothyroideus

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25
Q

Cricothryoideus: function

A

Causes thyroid cartilage to rotate at cricothyroid joint

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26
Q

4 possible effects of laryngeal muscles on vocal folds

A

Adduction
Abduction
Lengthening
Shortening

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27
Q

adduction of vocal folds

A

Bring folds closer together to restrict airflow or produce phonation

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28
Q

Abduction of vocal folds

A

Separating folds to increase airflow

29
Q

Lengthening of vocal folds

A

Tightens folds to raise pitch of sound produced

30
Q

Shortening of vocal folds

A

Loosens folds to lower pitch of sound produced

31
Q

2 ways to adduct vocal folds

A

Sliding arytenoid cartilages together
Pull muscular process of arytenoid ventrally

32
Q

How to abduct vocal folds

A

Pull muscular process of artyenoid dorsally

33
Q

What is the only laryngeal muscle that abducts the vocal folds

A

Dorsal cricoarytenoid

34
Q

Dorsal cricoarytenoid: OINA

A

O - dorsal lamina of cricoid cartilage
I - muscular process of arytenoid
N - caudal laryngeal nerve
A - abduct vocal folds to bring in more air

35
Q

5 nerves of larynx

A

Cranial laryngeal
External laryngeal
Internal laryngeal
Recurrent laryngeal
Caudal laryngeal

36
Q

First branch off vagus nerve

A

Cranial laryngeal

37
Q

Cranial laryngeal nerve splits into (2)

A

External and internal laryngeal nerves

38
Q

External laryngeal nerve: innervates

A

Motor to cricothryoideus

39
Q

Internal laryngeal nerve innervates (and function)

A

SENSATION from larynx cranial to vocal folds
Includes hyper sensitive vestibular folds
2nd line of defense after epiglottis

40
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve path

A

Cranially through neck to approach larynx caudally

41
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve continues as (once entering what structure)

A

Caudal laryngeal
Larynx

42
Q

Caudal laryngeal nerve innervates

A

Motor to all other muscles and sensation from caudal 1/2 of larynx

43
Q

Cough reflex: function, how it works

A

Prevent objects from getting into trachea
When object touches vestibular fold —> vocal folds tightly addicted to prevent further passage —> cough to expel object from larynx

44
Q

2 nerves involved in cough reflex (and their relationship)

A

Sensory from internal laryngeal nerve —> sends into to caudal laryngeal nerve which provides motor to coughing muscles

45
Q

Left recurrent hemiplegia: species, cause, effects, intervention

A

Horses
Loss of function on left side of larynx
Impairment of respiration —> intolerance to exercise —> roaring = typical sound heard
Surgically repaired by fixing/tie back affected arytenoid out of the way

46
Q

3 regions of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngeopharynx

47
Q

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx: locations

A

Nasopharynx = dorsal region of pharynx caudal to nasal cavity
Oropharynx = caudal to palatoglossal fold
Laryngopharynx = dorsal to larynx

48
Q

Which pharynx region has important communication with middle ear cavity via auditory tube

A

Nasopharynx

49
Q

2 groups of pharyngeal muscles

A

Pharyngeal constrictors
Pharyngeal movers

50
Q

3 pharyngeal constrictors

A

Hyopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus

51
Q

Pharyngeal constrictors: insertion and action

A

I - dorsal midline connective tissue line (raphe)
A - produce peristaltic movements that push food to esophagus

52
Q

Hyopharyngeus: origin

A

Thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid elements of hyoid

53
Q

Thyropharyngeus: origin

A

Lateral side of thyroid lamina

54
Q

Cricopharyngeus: origin

A

Lateral aspect of ventral arch of cricoid
Most caudal

55
Q

3 pharyngeal movers

A

Pterygopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

56
Q

Pharyngeal movers: action

A

Pull pharynx into position to begin swelling —> shifted toward oral cavity for more space

57
Q

Innervation of all 3 pharyngeal constrictors + pterygopharyngeus + Palatopharyngeus

A

Vagus

58
Q

Innervation exception: pharyngeal muscles

A

Stylopharyngeus = glossopharyngeal

59
Q

Pterygopharyngeus origin

A

Pterygoid hammulus

60
Q

Stylopharyngeus: origin, innervation

A

Stylohyoid
CN IX

61
Q

Palatopharyngeus origin

A

Soft palate

62
Q

Major blood supply to pharynx

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery

63
Q

Ascending pharyngeal artery: parent artery, path, what it Anastamoses with in dogs

A

External carotid
Runs cranially to foramen lacerum
Anastomose with loop of internal carotid artery that protrudes from foramen lacerum

64
Q

Alternative route of blood supply to cerebral arterial circle in ruminants (no internal carotid)

A

Ascending pharyngeal passes through foramen lacerum

65
Q

2 cranial nerves that innervates pharynx and muscles

A

CN IX
CN X

66
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes mostly sensory axons to pharyngeal plexus

A

CN IX

67
Q

Which cranial nerve contributes mostly motor axons to pharyngeal plexus

A

CN X

68
Q

Gag reflex: function, how it works

A

Prevents swallowing of unexpected food or foreign objects
Touching pharyngeal mucosa of oropharynx —> sensory innervation by CN IX triggers wave of pharyngeal contraction that runs from caudal to cranial —> expels object from pharynx

Anatomy II (36 decks)

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