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Anatomy II > Lecture 3: Mammalian Joint Morphology > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Mammalian Joint Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

2 regional divisions of skeletal system

A

axial
appendicular

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2
Q

components of axial skeleton (4)

A

skull/cranium
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

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3
Q

components of appendicular skeleton

A

limb bones

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4
Q

joints definition

A

articulations that either firmly unite bones or allow specific movements between bones

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5
Q

what does skeletal muscle exploit to generate movement

A

leverage

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6
Q

what provides/prevents movement of body components

A

muscular contraction

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7
Q

what kind of joints are most of the limb joints

A

synovial

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8
Q

what surrounds every bone layer of synovial joint

A

periosteum

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9
Q

2 components of joint capsule

A

fibrous capsule
synovial membrane

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10
Q

synovial membrane: 2 functions

A

allow movement without friction
produce synovial fluid

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11
Q

location of synovial fluid

A

joint cavity

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12
Q

3 areas occupied by synovial fluid

A

synovial joints
bursae
tendon sheaths

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13
Q

function of articular cartilage

A

absorb stress

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14
Q

composition of synovial fluid

A

viscous and elastic
transudate of blood plasma

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15
Q

function of synovial fluid

A

allow articular cartilage to glide

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16
Q

3 types/classifications of synovial joints

A

simple
compound
complex

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17
Q

simple synovial joint: definition and examples

A

joint composed of only 2 bones
2 articulation surfaces separated by synovial membrane
shoulder

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18
Q

compound synovial joint: definition and examples

A

multiple elements moving but share synovial fluid in joint space
joint containing more than 2 bones
humoral/ulnar/radial

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19
Q

complex synovial joint: definition and example

A

a joint with 3 or more elements/2 joints acting as one
2 joint capsules with their own synovial fluid
usually have meniscus/disc
stifle

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20
Q

where does synovial fluid come from

A

transudate (blood plasma)

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21
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis

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22
Q

suture: definition, functions, characteristics

A

narrow, rigid fibrous joint
allow growth but not much movement
eventually fuse with age
unites most bones of skull

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23
Q

syndesmosis: definition, functions, characteristics

A

fibrous joint with some flexibility
found between parallel bones (tibia and fibula, ulna and radius)
contain interosseous membrane to prevent bones from being pulled apart

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24
Q

gomphosis aka

A

dento alveolar joint

25
Q

gomphosis: definition, functions

A

hold teeth in jaw
root of tooth is anchored across gap by peridontal ligaments

26
Q

ruffini endings: definition, location, function

A

receptors found in dermis/skin
respond to skin stretch and register the speed and direction of movement

27
Q

golgi tendon organs: definition, location, function

A

proprioceptors that mediate position sense
mediate TENSION in large muscles
located in tendon –> near junction of tendon and muscle

28
Q

simple/free nerve endings: definition, location, function

A

located at attachments of capsules and ligaments
terminals of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated nociceptive axons
senses PAIN

29
Q

8 types of neuroreceptors in periosteum and ligaments

A

free nerve ending
cylindrical/bulbous end bulb
pacinian corpuscle
merkel’s disk
golgi tendon organ
ruffini corpuscle
hair follicle receptor
muscle spindle

30
Q

pacinian corpuscle: definition, function, location

A

sensory receptors for rapid/deep vibration
most numerous in skin of hands and feet

31
Q

muscle spindle: definition, location, function

A

stretch receptors inside capsule
sense muscle length and velocity
stretched when muscle lengthens

32
Q

hair follicle: definition, function, location

A

located on skin
directional movement –> cause changes in tension of skin

33
Q

cylindrical/bulbous end bulb: location, function, definition

A

thermoreception
found in mucous membranes
detect cold/flutter

34
Q

role of inhibitory neurons in joints/tendons

A

stop motor signals/muscle contraction

35
Q

what is periosteum

A

membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wrap around bone (delivers blood supply and sensory info)

36
Q

agonist definition

A

contracting muscle needed to generate movement
1st participant

37
Q

antagonist definition and function

A

muscle that relaxes during contraction of an agonist muscle
fires to slow down limb segment in order to complete a movement

38
Q

what is a lever as it relates to limb joints

A

length of bone

39
Q

3 parts of a lever

A

fulcrum
load
force

40
Q

what is a fulcrum

A

usually a joint
what allows bone/lever to pivot

41
Q

1st class lever: definition, type of motion generated (Example)

A

pivot/fulcrum lies between force and load
force and load are balance
nodding your head

42
Q

2nd class lever: definition, type of motion generated (Example)

A

load is between the pivot/fulcrum and force
force is less than the load = mechanical advantage
standing on tip toes

43
Q

3rd class lever: definition, type of motion generated (example)

A

load is further away from force and pivot/fulcrum
force is greater that the load, but produces large movement
bent arm (contraction of biceps to move forearm)

44
Q

short vs long levers: advantage/disadvantage

A

short lever = faster, less force
long lever = slower, more force

45
Q

physics of long lever (relationship of perpendicular distance and center of rotation)

A

LARGE perpendicular distance between muscle’s line of action and center of rotation of joint

46
Q

where is force initially developed

A

skeletal muscle

47
Q

how is force transferred

A

skeletal muscle –> tendons, aponeuroses and fascia –> bones

48
Q

ligaments function

A

prevent excessive separation of adjacent bones

49
Q

what comprises the following structures: tendons, aponeuroses, fascia, ligaments

A

type 1 collagen (dense CT)

50
Q

what ligament holds the femoral head in place

A

ligament of femoral head

51
Q

ball and socket joint: definition, function

A

rounded head fits in a concavity, permitting movement on several axes

52
Q

example of ball and socket joint

A

coxofemoral joint (hip)
acetabulum of hip (socket) + head of femur (ball)

53
Q

ligament of femoral head is a continuation of what ligament

A

transverse acetabular ligament

54
Q

what kind of joint is coxofemoral joint (2 things)

A

ball and socket
synovial

55
Q

5 movements of coxofemoral joint

A

flexion
extension
abduction (of limb)
adduction (of limb)
rotation (of limb)

56
Q

hip dysplasia: definition/cause

A

abnormal development of coxofemoral joint
muscle mass doesn’t increase rapidly enough to account for rapid bone growth

57
Q

hip dysplasia: characteristics (2)

A

joint laxity or instability
degenerative joint changes = acetabular bone sclerosis, thickened femoral neck, joint capsule fibrosis, subluxation/luxation of femoral head

58
Q

hip dysplasia: non surgical treatments (4)

A

weight reduction
exercise restriction
controlled PT
NSAIDs

59
Q

hip dysplasia: surgical treatment

A

total hip replacement

Anatomy II (36 decks)

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