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Anatomy II > Lecture 21: Mammalian Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Mammalian Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical divisions of brain (embryonic)

A

forebrain = telencephalon, diecenephalon
midbrain = mesecephalon
hindbrain = metencephalon, myelencephalon

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2
Q

telencephalon =

A

cerebral hemispheres
forebrain

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3
Q

diencephalon

A

forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus

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4
Q

mesecephalon =

A

midbrain
cerebral peduncles and tectum

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5
Q

metencephalon =

A

hindbrain
pons and cerebellum

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6
Q

myeloncephalon =

A

hindbrain
medulla

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7
Q

which brain division contains cranial nerve nuclei

A

brainstem= pons, medulla, cerebellum, midbrain

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8
Q

brainstem is a conduit of

A

functions between spinal cord and forebrain

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9
Q

sulcus =

A

indentations within gyri

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10
Q

longitudinal fissure: cerebrum

A

divides right and left sides of cortex (vertical down the middle)

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11
Q

transverse fissure: cerebrum

A

divides cerebrum from cerebellum

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12
Q

cruciate sulcus: cerebrum

A

contains motor cortex

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13
Q

cerebral lobes (5)

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
olfactory

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14
Q

cortex aka

A

gray matter

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15
Q

cortex definition

A

outer layer of cerebrum/cerebellum that contains CELL BODIES of neurons (why it’s gray matter)

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16
Q

how are functions distributed across cortex ( how are they named)

A

AREAS
primary visual area, auditory area

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17
Q

homunculi

A

model of sensorimotor specializations
represents the innervation of body regions in cortex proportional to biological relevance (how much info reaches that region)

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18
Q

human homunculus (which regions are largest)

A

tongue and fingers receive most sensorimotor info

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19
Q

what composes white matter

A

large bundles of myelinated axons deep to cortex

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20
Q

6 layers of cortex based on

A

layered densities of neurons

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21
Q

6 layers of cortex

A

I - Molecular
II - external granular
III - external pyramidal
IV - internal granular
V - internal pyramidal
VI - multiform

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22
Q

which cortex layer is a major input layer and why

A

IV = internal granular
smaller cells

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23
Q

which cortex layer is a major output layer and why

A

V - internal pyramidal
larger neurons/longer axons

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24
Q

primary sensory cortical areas will have what cortex layer larger

A

layer 4

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25
Q

primary motor cortical areas will have which cortex layer larger

26
Q

3 types of cortical connections/fibers in white matter

A

association
commissural
projection

27
Q

association fibers in white matter

A

connect different areas of cortex in SAME hemisphere (right or left)

28
Q

commissural fibers in white matter

A

connect corresponding structures BETWEEN hemispheres

29
Q

projection fibers in white matter: 2 types

A

corticopetal - fibers ENTERING cortex
corticofugal - fibers EXITING cortex

30
Q

corpus callosum

A

axonal tract that allows communication between lobes on right and left sides

31
Q

axons that communciate between left and right sides are called (hint: similar to fibers in white matter)

A

commissural axons

32
Q

which type of nuclei relay info to and from the cortex

33
Q

functions of hypothalamus (3)

A

regulate nervous and endocrine systems to maintain stasis of internal environment
release hormones
regulate heart rate, BP, body temp, water balance, appetite, circadian rhythms, emotion

34
Q

subarachnoid space

A

deep to arachnoid mater and superficial to pia mater
surrounds brain and spinal cord
filled with CSF

35
Q

falx cerebri

A

fold of dura between right and left hemispheres

36
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

fold of dura and bone between cerebrum and cerebellum

37
Q

2 dural folds between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

A

falx cerebi
tentorium cerebelli

38
Q

dural venous sinuses: location, function

A

between folds of dura and skull
receive venous blood draining from brain and orbit –> drain to vertebral and internal jugular veins

39
Q

what other fluid will drain into dural venous sinuses

40
Q

what vessel primarily supplies blood to dura mater

A

maxillary artery

41
Q

maxillary artery is a branch of what main artery

A

external carotid

42
Q

brach of maxillary artery that is the largest of the blood vessels to the dura and calvaria

A

middle meningeal

43
Q

middle meningeal artery enters cranial cavity via

A

oval foramen

44
Q

mandibular portion of maxillary artery supplies (2)

A

muscular branches to temporalis, masseter
supply to TMJ and ear

45
Q

2 main branches of maxillary artery

A

inferior alveolar
middle meningeal

46
Q

4 spaces in brain where CSF in produced and circulates

A

2 lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

47
Q

choroid plexuses: definition/function

A

high density capillary beds that produce/release CSF into right and left ventricles
also release ultrafiltrate from blood plasma

48
Q

functions of CSF (5)

A

Buoyancy
transport nutrients
flush away waste products
medium for diffusion of neuroendocrine/neurotransmitters

49
Q

pathway of CSF

A

choroid plexus in ventricles –> subarachnoid space (brain and cord) –> arachnoid granulations –> back to venous system

50
Q

what is the connection between 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

51
Q

subarachnoid cisterns: definition, importance

A

widest subarachnoid areas
can extract CSF via cisternal puncture

52
Q

arachnoid granulations/villi: definition, function

A

outpockets from subarachnoid space into dural venous sinus that drains CSF into venous system

53
Q

vertebral artery is branch of

A

subclavian

54
Q

pathway of vertebral artery

A

pass through transverse foramina of C6-C1
branches to cervical vertebral muscles and spinal cord

55
Q

which 2 arteries form a shared circle of anastamostic blood supply to brain

A

internal carotid
vertebral

56
Q

2 branches of internal carotid that contribute to anastamosis

A

rostral cerebral
middle cerebral

57
Q

4 branches of vertebral artery that contribute to anastamosis

A

basilar
rostral cerebellar
caudal cerebellar
caudal cerebral

58
Q

blood supply to cerebral hemispheres (3)

A

middle, rostral and caudal cerebral aa.

59
Q

blood supply to pons

A

basilar artery

60
Q

blood supply to caudal cerebellum (1)

A

caudal cerebellar

61
Q

caudal cerebral artery supplies what brain structures (2)

A

cerebral hemispheres
midbrain

62
Q

rostral cerebellar artery supplies what brain structures (3)

A

midbrain
pons
rostral cerebrellum

Anatomy II (36 decks)

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