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Anatomy II > Lecture 32: Nasal Sinus and Palate II > Flashcards

Lecture 32: Nasal Sinus and Palate II Flashcards

1
Q

Paranasal sinuses (3)

A

Maxilla
Frontal
Sphenoid

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2
Q

Paranasal sinus definition

A

Pocket of non olfactory mucosa that grow out from walls of nasal cavity
Surround bones of nasal cavity

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3
Q

What is the largest sinus in dog and cat

A

Frontal

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4
Q

What is frontal sinus subdivided into (3)

A

Lateral
Medial
Rostral

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5
Q

What invades all 3 portions of frontal sinus

A

Ethmoturbinates (bones)

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6
Q

Maxillary sinus aka (and why)

A

Maxillary recess
Broad open communication instead of small opening into nasal cavity

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7
Q

Sphenoid sinus: definition/location, what it’s filled with in dogs

A

Small space within presphenoid bone
Filled with Ethmoturbinates

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8
Q

What adjacent bones do Paranasal sinuses also invade (3)

A

Palatine
Lacrimal
Nasal conchae

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9
Q

Why is passive drainage of maxillary sinus unlikely/impossible when animal is standing upright

A

Position of Foramen that drains sinus into nasal cavity
Easy for infectious materials to become trapped

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10
Q

Which sinus covers and protects the brain case

A

Frontal

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11
Q

Special consideration when using bullet/bolt during animal slaughter

A

Make sure shot is through thinnest part of frontal sinus because it covers part of brain case

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12
Q

Maxillary sinus is in close proximity to what bone

A

Alveolar portion of maxilla

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13
Q

Effects of proximity between maxillary sinus and alveolar portion of maxilla (4)

A

Overlap of sinus and distal maxillary teeth
Roots of molars and premolars can protrude into sinus during sinus and teeth growth
Transfer of infection between oral cavity/teeth and nasal cavity, complications when removing molar and premolar teeth

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14
Q

2 structures that divide nasal cavity from oral cavity

A

Hard palate
Soft palate

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15
Q

Hard vs soft palate

A

Hard = bony portion
Soft = caudal soft tissue extension

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16
Q

3 components/bones of hard palate

A

Incisive bone
Maxilla
Palatine

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17
Q

What 2 foramina are part of the hard palate

A

Major and minor palatine foramina

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18
Q

Characteristic of mucosa covering hard palate

A

Highly keratinized

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19
Q

Rugae: definition, location, function

A

Hard palate
Transverse ridges in mucosa typically with slight caudal angulation that helps direct food caudally in oral cavity

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20
Q

Incisive papilla: definition, location

A

Hard palate
Raised bump directly caudal to central incisors

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21
Q

Dental pad: definition, location, species

A

Hard palate
Extra thick and tough mucosa that serves in place of upper incisors
Cattle

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22
Q

What is the soft palate composed of

A

Aponeurosis covered dorsally with nasal mucosa and ventrally with oral mucosa

23
Q

Flexibility of soft palate provides control over

A

Separation between digestive and respiratory pathways

24
Q

Which muscle runs longitudinally through ventral aspect of soft palate

A

Palatinus muscle

25
Q

Function/actions of palatinus muscle

A

Control position of palate
Changes length and shape of palate (shortens and ventrally curls)

26
Q

Muscles of the palate (4)

A

Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus

27
Q

Levator veli palatini: OINA

A

O - muscular process of temporal bone (above palate)
I - dorsal surface of soft palate
N - vagus
A - elevate soft palate

28
Q

Tensor veli palatini: OINA

A

O - muscular process of temporal bone
I - lateral edge of soft palate after wrapping around pterygoid hamulus
N - mandibular V3
A - tense soft palate (pulls laterally)

29
Q

Which 2 muscles connect soft palate to other muscular structures

A

Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus

30
Q

Palatoglossus: action

A

Connect lateral aspect of palate to tongue

31
Q

Palatopharyngeus action

A

Connect caudolateral aspect of palate to pharyngeal wall

32
Q

Palatoglossus and Palatopharyngeus: innervation

A

Vagus

33
Q

Palatoglossal arch

A

Arch formed by each pair of palatoglossus and Palatopharyngeus muscles when viewed in combo with soft palate

34
Q

Palatine tonsil: definition, location, function

A

Mass of lymphoid tissue near confluence of oral and respiratory pathways
Inside tonsilar bed = between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
1st line of defense

35
Q

Major blood vessels of palate (3)

A

Descending palatine artery
Major palatine artery
Minor palatine artery

36
Q

Terminal branch of maxillary at Rostral end =

A

Descending palatine artery

37
Q

Path of major palatine artery to hard palate

A

Enters caudal palatine foramen and passes through palatine canal to reach hard palate

38
Q

Path of minor palatine artery to soft palate

A

Passes caudal to margin of hard palate to reach soft palate

39
Q

which blood vessel reaches hard vs soft palate

A

Hard = major palatine artery
Soft = minor palatine artery

40
Q

2 branches of major palatine artery

A

Rostral
Caudal

41
Q

Where does major palatine artery split

A

At ventral end of palatine canal

42
Q

Rostral branch of major palatine artery: path, where it ends up

A

Exits major palatine foramen —> through palatine groove —> palatine fissure —> branch to nasal cavity

43
Q

Caudal branch of major palatine artery: path, where it ends up

A

Exits minor palatine foramen —> forms Anastamoses between major and minor palatine arteries

44
Q

Which vessels in palate form Anastamoses

A

Caudal branch of major palatine artery + major and minor palatine arteries

45
Q

Which nerve provides postganglionic parasympathetics to palatine mucosa

A

Maxillary V2

46
Q

3 branches of maxillary V2: sensory innervation from palatine mucosa

A

Major palatine nerve
Accessory palatine nerve
Minor palatine nerve

47
Q

Major palatine nerve: parent nerve, runs with what artery, which palate is innervated

A

Maxillary V2
Rostral branch of major palatine artery
Hard palate

48
Q

minor palatine nerve: parent nerve, runs with what artery, goes to what palate

A

Maxillary V2
Runs with minor palatine artery
Soft palate

49
Q

Accessory palatine nerve: parent nerve, runs with what artery, where it ends up

A

Maxillary V2
Caudal branch of major palatine artery
Transitional area between hard and soft palates

50
Q

Brachiocephalic syndrome: malformed regions (4)

A

Stenotic nares= too small to let in air
Obstructed nasal cavity because turbinates are too big
Elongated soft palate = protrudes into larynx and blocks function
Hypoplastic trachea= negative pressure coming in

51
Q

Secondary effects of brachiocephalic syndrome (2)

A

Tracheal or laryngeal collapse

52
Q

Equine specialization: soft palate

A

Very long and hangs Rostral and ventral to epiglottis

53
Q

Equine specialization: Palatopharyngeus muscle

A

Forms sphincter around protruding laryngeal opening to divide space between respiratory and digestive pathways

54
Q

Horse specializations/limitations for respiration

A

Large nares to bring in more air
Nasal diverticulum=hard limit to air intake during exercise
Can only use nasal cavity to bring in air (no mouth)

Anatomy II (36 decks)

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