Lecture 9

Question 1

What are the 2 main groups of Angiosperms?

Answer 1

Monocots (one cotyledon) and Eudicots (two cotyledon)

Question 2

What are some characteristics common amongst Monocots?

Answer 2

One Cotyledon-veins are usually parallel- Vascular tissue is scattered- Root system is usually fibrous- Pollen grain with only 1 opening- Floral organs usually in multiples of three.

Question 3

What are some common characteristics amongst eudicots?

Answer 3

Two cotyledons- Veins are usually netlike- Vascular Tissue is arranged in a ring- Taproot usually present- Pollen grain with three openings- Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five.

Question 4

Are eudicots or Monocots the majority of the population of angiosperms?

Answer 4

Eudicots.

Question 5

What are some examples of Monocots?

Answer 5

Lillies-Orchids-Yuccas

Question 6

What are some examples of Eudicots?

Answer 6

Legumes (peas), oaks, maples, roses. ROLM

Question 7

Define Meristems

Answer 7

Perpetually embryonic tissue that allow for indeterminate growth (a few plants exhibit determinate growth- rare)

Question 8

Where is the Apical Meristems located?

Answer 8

Located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots.

Question 9

Define Primary Growth

Answer 9

Apical meristems elongating the shoots and roots.

Question 10

What is the function of the Lateral Meristems?

Answer 10

Adding thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth.

Question 11

Define Secondary Growth

Answer 11

Lateral meristems adding thickness to woody plants.

Question 12

What are the types of lateral meristems?

Answer 12

The vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Question 13

What is the function of the vascular cambium?

Answer 13

It adds layers of vascular tissues called secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

Question 14

What is the function of the cork cambium?

Answer 14

(In stems/trunks) replaces the epidermis with PERIDERM, which is thicker and tougher.

Question 15

What is the root tip covered by and what is the function of that thing?

Answer 15

It is covered by a root cap which protects the apical meristems as the root pushes through the soil.

Question 16

Where does primary growth happen in detail?

Answer 16

Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells: Zones of Cell Division, Elongation, and Maturation. DEM

Question 17

What is the primary meristems consisted of?

Answer 17

Protoderm-Ground Meristem-Procambium

Question 18

Define Stele

Answer 18

The vascular system of a root or a stem.

Question 19

In angiosperms, what is the stele of the root organized into?

Answer 19

A vascular cylinder

Question 20

What does the primary growth of roots produce?

Answer 20

The epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. EGV

Question 21

Where does the ground tissue fill upon primary growth?

Answer 21

The cortex, the region between the vascular cylinder and the epidermis.

Question 22

Define Cortex

Answer 22

The region between the vascular cylinder and the epidermis.

Question 23

Define Endodermis

Answer 23

The innermost layer of the cortex.

Question 24

Where do lateral roots arise from?

Answer 24

The pericycle, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.

Question 25

Define Pericycle

Answer 25

The outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.

Question 26

Define Shoot Apical Meristems

Answer 26

A dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip.

Question 27

Where do leaves develop from?

Answer 27

Leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristems.

Question 28

Where do axillary buds develop from?

Answer 28

The meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia.

Question 29

Where do the lateral shoots develop from?

Answer 29

Axillary buds on the stem’s surface.

Question 30

What is the function of the epidermis?

Answer 30

It reduces water loss.

Question 31

What does the presence of Stomata do?

Answer 31

Allows CO2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf.

Question 32

Stomata pores flanked by two _____; what is the function of the blank?

Answer 32

Guard cells; regulate opening and closing.

Question 33

Define Mesophyll

Answer 33

The ground tissue in a leaf.

Question 34

Where is the Spongy Mesophyll located?

Answer 34

Below the palisade mesophyll in the upper part of the leaf.

Question 35

What happens in the spongy mesophyll?

Answer 35

Gas exchange

Question 36

How is the vascular tissue of each leaf organized with respect to the vascular tissue of the stem?

Answer 36

The vascular tissue of each leaf is continuous with the vascular tissue of the stem- moves sugars to the rest of the plant and receives water and nutrients.

Question 37

What are veins in plants?

Answer 37

They are the leaf’s vascular bundles and function as the leaf’s skeleton.

Question 38

What does secondary growth do in woody plants?

Answer 38

Adds girth to stems and roots.

Question 39

What does the secondary plant body consist of?

Answer 39

Tissues produced by the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Question 40

What is secondary growth characteristic of?

Answer 40

Gymnosperms and many Eudicots; BUT NO MONOCOTS.

Question 41

What is Indeterminate Growth?

Answer 41

These shoots, in theory, can keep growing. The limiting factor would be the lack of resources.

Question 42

What should you think about when you see the word “periderm”?

Answer 42

It ultimately end up as BARK.

Question 43

How are the vascular tissues arranged?

Answer 43

Xylem tends to be facing inwards and phloem tends to be facing outwards.

Question 44

What happens to the undifferentiated cells located in the root apical meristem?

Answer 44

They are waiting to become dermal, vascular, or ground tissues.

Question 45

What is the function of the cortex?

Answer 45

It forms a loose pathway for water and minerals to reach the vascular cylinder.

Question 46

Possession of a core of parenchyma cells is typical of which group of plants?

Answer 46

It is typical of monocots.

Question 47

What essentially is a protoderm?

Answer 47

It is a developing epidermis.

Question 48

What is the Mesophyll consisted of?

Answer 48

It is consisted of parenchyma cells.

Question 49

What is the function of the Cuticle?

Answer 49

To slow the loss of water.

Question 50

Where are most stomata located?

Answer 50

Under the leaf.

Question 51

What is the function of the Palisade Mesophyll?

Answer 51

Light harvesting.

Question 52

How does the Cork Cambium grow?

Answer 52

It grows only towards the outside.

Question 53

How do Secondary xylem and phloem act with respect to the primary xylem and phloem?

Answer 53

The secondary structures take over the primary ones over the course of time.

Question 54

What type of tissue makes up most of the wood of an old tree?

Answer 54

Secondary xylem; the primary xylem is going to be replaced by the secondary xylem.