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Bio 5B > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the domain, supergroup, and clade for a fungus?

A

Domain: Eukarya ; Supergroup: Unikonta ; Clade: Opisthokonta

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2
Q

What are the groups included in the Opisthokonta clade?

A

Nucleariids-Fungi-Choanoflagellates-Animals. NF-CA

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3
Q

Which of the groups present in the Opisthokonta clade have posterior flagella?

A

ALL OF THE GROUPS present have it.

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4
Q

Which of the groups present in the Opisthokonta Clade exhibit multicellularity?

A

Animals and Fungi

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5
Q

What are common characteristics of a fungus?

A

Multicellular-Heterotrophic-Chitin Cell Wall

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6
Q

What type of substance is chitin?

A

It is a polysaccharide; in ear polymer that can be organized into long chains.

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7
Q

What structures are present in a multicellular fungus?

A

Hyphae-Fruiting Bodies-Mycelium HFM

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8
Q

What are Hyphae?

A

They are long, thin filaments made of tubular cells.

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9
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

The network of hyphae that together make up the fungal body.

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10
Q

What is the fruiting body?

A

Reproductive structures for spore dispersal.

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11
Q

What role do fungi play in the environment? Explain.

A

Fungi are decomposers; hyphae secrete enzymes to break down nutrients and decomposition is parasitic when the target is still alive.

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12
Q

What can be said about the surface area to volume ratio of fungi?

A

IT IS HIGH

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13
Q

Fungi are nature’s _____; _____ are poisonous when eaten.

A

Chemists-Mycotoxins

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14
Q

Define Lichens

A

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between an ascomycete AND EITHER an algae or Cyanobacteria

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15
Q

How do leaf cutter ants farm fungi?

A

By feeding them leaves.

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16
Q

What can be said about mycorrhizal fungi?

A

They are mutualistic ENDOPHYTES of plant roots.

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17
Q

Explain the Life Cycle of a Fungi

A
  1. Mycelia have various mating types
  2. Neighboring mycelia of different mating types form hyphal extensions (gametangia), each of which encloses several haploid nuclei.
  3. A zygosporangium forms, containing multiple haploid nuclei from the two parents.
  4. The zygosporangium develops a rough, thick-walled coating that can resist harsh conditions for months.
  5. When conditions are favorable, karyogamy occurs, then meiosis.
  6. The zygosporangium germinates into a sporangium on a short stalk.
  7. The sporangium disperses genetically diverse haploid spores.
  8. The spores germinate and grow into new mycelia.
  9. Mycelia can also reproduce asexually by forming sporangia that produce genetically identical haploid spores.
18
Q

How can fungi reproduce?

A

Both sexually and asexually.

19
Q

Define Ploidy

A

Number of copies of each chromosome

20
Q

Which organism is the ancestor of fungi?

A

Ancestral Protist

21
Q

What are all the division of Fungi?

A

Cryptomycetes-Microsporidians-Chytrids-Zoopagomycetes-Mucrormycetes-Ascomycetes-Basidiomycetes.

CMC-Z-MAB.

22
Q

Did Fungi colonize land before plants?

A

Yes, they did.

23
Q

Which eukaryotic organisms are part of the most understudied group?

A

Fungi

24
Q

What is the name of the Species for Fungi?

A

Mykos

25
Q

What is the relationship between cryptomycetes and microsporidians?

A

They are sister Taxa.

26
Q

What are some important things to remember regarding Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians?

A

They are parasitic on other organisms.

Tiny genomes and reduced organelles

All unicellular

Known largely as disease-causing agents.

27
Q

What are some important things to remember regarding Chytrids?

A

They have cells walls made of chitin and flagellated zoospores.

Uni or (rarely) multicellular forms.

Batrachochytrium dendrobates (BD) is the most deadly pathogen known to science.

28
Q

What are some important things to remember regarding Zoopagomycetes?

A

Includes parasitic “zombie” species that’s multicellular.

Spores are dispersed by wind (no flagella)

29
Q

Which of the Fungi primarily use asexual reproduction?

A

Cryptomycetes-Microsporidians-Chytrids-Zoopagomycetes. THE FIRST 4 of CMC-Z-MAB

30
Q

What are some important things to remember regarding Mucoromycetes?

A

Includes pathogens and most molds.

Largely multicellular.

Coenocytic Hypha

Zygospornagia releases Zygospores

31
Q

What are some important things to remember regarding Ascomycetes?

A

“Sac” Fungi (morels, truffles, finger fungi) A-MTF

(Mostly) sexual reproduction.

Unicellular Yeasts or multicellular.

Conidia are ASEXUAL structures.

Ascocarps are sexual structures. CA-AS

Ascospors mature in Asci

32
Q

In Ascomycetes, what are the sexual structures and what are the asexual structures?

A

Conidia are ASEXUAL and Ascocarps are sexual structures.

33
Q

What are some important things to remember regarding Basidiomycetes?

A

Includes familiar mushrooms with gills.

ONLY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.

Basidia are releases basidiospores.

Flies disperse spores of stinkhorn mushrooms.

34
Q

Which of the fungi only has sexual reproduction?

A

Basidiomycetes.

35
Q

Which of the groups exhibit endoparasitism?

A

Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians

36
Q

Which of the groups have spores and which are multicellular?

A

Zoopagomycetes-Mucoromycetes-Ascomycetes-Basidiomycetes

37
Q

Which of the Fungi disperse by water?

A

Cryptomycetes-Microsporidians-Chytrids

38
Q

Which of the Fungi disperse by wind?

A

Zoopagomycetes-Mucoromycetes-Ascomycetes-Basidiomycetes

39
Q

Explain the Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete.

A
  1. Two haploid mycelia of different mating types undergo plasmogamy.
  2. A dikaryotic mycelium forms, growing faster than, and ultimately crowding out, the haploid parental mycelia.
  3. Environmental cues such as rain or change in temperature induce the dikaryotic mycelium to form compact masses that develop into basidiocarps.
  4. The basidiocarp gills are lined with terminal dikaryotic cells called basidia.
  5. Karyogamy in each basidium produces a diploid nucleus, which then undergoes meiosis.
  6. Each diploid nucleus yields four haploid nuclei, each of which develops into a basidiospore.
  7. When mature, the basidiospores are ejected and dispersed by the wind.
  8. In a suitable environment, the basidiospores germinate and grow into short-lived haploid mycelia.
40
Q

Define Karyogamy.

A

In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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