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Bio 5B > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Diffusion

A

Molecular movement that is caused by thermal energy; the hotter it is, the faster the movement.

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2
Q

What can be said about Diffusion regarding its path?

A

It is Brownian (brownian means random motion of molecules and atoms)

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3
Q

In terms of distances, when is diffusion fast?

A

Diffusion is fast in short distances.

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4
Q

In terms of concentration, how does diffusion work?

A

Gases move from high concentration to low concentration.

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5
Q

What allows for the speeding up of transportation of ions and molecules?

A

Circulation

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6
Q

Define Gastrovascular Cavities

A

Open spaces inside of the animal that allows for cells to be in contact with the environment.

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7
Q

In terms of tissue thickness, what is ideal for faster diffusion?

A

The thinner the tissues, the faster diffusion can happen.

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8
Q

In terms of size, what molecules can diffuse across cell membranes?

A

Small ions and molecules.

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9
Q

The transportation of what sort of substances requires active transportation?

A

Macromolecules

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10
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To transport blood to every cell.

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11
Q

How can Circulatory Systems be classified?

A

Open or Closed

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12
Q

Explain everything important about Open Circulatory Systems

A

Arthropods and Molluscs have this system; the blood is called “hemolymph” because it mixes with interstitial fluid.

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13
Q

What is characteristic of Closed Circulatory Systems?

A

The blood is enclosed inside of the vessels.

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14
Q

What is characteristic of the water vascular system?

A

It uses water instead of blood.

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15
Q

What are the functions of the Hydraulic System in echinoderms?

A

Locomotion, respiration, and food and waste transportation.

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16
Q

What is the tube foot in echinoderms consisted of?

A

The ampulla (top) and the podium (bottom)

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17
Q

What are examples of some things that the circulatory system moves?

A

Oxygen-Sugars-Hormones-Antibodies-Waste-Pathogens

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18
Q

Define Blood

A

A tissue made of platelets, cells, and plasma.

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19
Q

Define Plasma

A

A fluid that is 95% water and is consisted of hormones, glucose, and proteins.

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20
Q

What are the cells of the blood?

A

Erythrocytes (red cells) and Leukocytes (white cells)

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21
Q

What are important things to note about Erythrocytes?

A

They are concave, do not have a nucleus, give high SA TO VOLUME ratio, have hemoglobin that binds oxygen.

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22
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes?

A

They defend against pathogens.

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23
Q

What do platelets form?

A

Clots.

24
Q

When blood is centrifuged, what is it consisted of?

A

55% PLASMA- 45% Erythrocytes- Less than 1% leukocytes and platelets.

25
Q

Blood is transported in _____.

A

Vessels.

26
Q

What do arteries and veins do respectively?

A

Arteries take blood away from the heart and the veins bring the blood towards he heart.

27
Q

What is a special characteristic of arteries?

A

They have a small area to speed up blood movement.

28
Q

What is a special characteristic of veins?

A

They have a low pressure cause of a big radius; the blood is deoxygenated because it “lost” oxygen to the tissues.

29
Q

Define Capillaries

A

Site of gas/solute exchange. They are very tiny and there are large amounts of them.

30
Q

How can the hearts of organism be classified?

A

They are either 2,3, or 4 chambered.

31
Q

How can organisms be classified based of their circulation?

A

They either have single or double circulation.

32
Q

Define Single Circulation

A

There is only one circuit in which blood goes through.

33
Q

Define Double Circulation

A

There are dedicated body/respiratory circuits.

34
Q

Define Atrium

A

The top of the heart.

35
Q

Define Ventricle

A

Bottom of the heart.

36
Q

What are the main differences between single and double circulation?

A

In double circulation, there are dedicated body/respiratory circuits and there are 2 ventricles and atriums.

37
Q

What is an example of an organism with Single Circulation?

A

Fish

38
Q

What is an example of an organism with a two-chambered heart?

A

Fish

39
Q

What is an example of an organism with a three chambered heart?

A

Amphibians (frogs and salamanders)

40
Q

What is an example of an organism with a 4 chambered heart?

A

Mammals

41
Q

What are examples of organisms that have Double Circulation?

A

Amphibians and Mammals

42
Q

How many times did four chambered hearts evolve?

A

They evolved twice in mammals and archosaurs.

43
Q

What are some things to note about DOUBLE CIRCULATION?

A

Some blood gets sent to the body and to the lung; the blood comes back to the heart twice.

44
Q

What does complete separation of circulatory circuits allow for?

A

Maximizing oxygen absorption from the lungs.

45
Q

How many chambers does the heart of a crocodile have?

A

4.

46
Q

Define Foramen of Panizza

A

A structure that allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit and it can open/close and connect the two ventricles.

47
Q

A _____ is a muscular pump.

A

Heart

48
Q

Define Semilunar Valve

A

The valve on the top part of the heart that is directing blood flow from the ventricle-away (to the body or lungs)

49
Q

Define Atrioventricular Valve

A

Valve between the atrium and the ventricle.

50
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery direct blood flow to?

A

The lungs.

51
Q

What is the order in which blood flow comes into the body?

A

To the Lungs- From the lungs- To the body- From the Body

52
Q

What structure forces blood flow to occur in one direction?

A

Valves

53
Q

The _____ triggers each heartbeat.

A

Sinoatrial Node

54
Q

Define Sinoatrial Node

A

Neural circuit localized to the heart that can work on its own.

55
Q

What are the steps that happen at each heartbeat?

A

Signals from the Sinoatrial Node spread through the atria- Signals are delayed at the AV node- Bundle Branches pass signals to the heart apex- Signals spread throughout the ventricles.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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