Lecture 20

Question 1

Define Diffusion

Answer 1

Molecular movement that is caused by thermal energy; the hotter it is, the faster the movement.

Question 2

What can be said about Diffusion regarding its path?

Answer 2

It is Brownian (brownian means random motion of molecules and atoms)

Question 3

In terms of distances, when is diffusion fast?

Answer 3

Diffusion is fast in short distances.

Question 4

In terms of concentration, how does diffusion work?

Answer 4

Gases move from high concentration to low concentration.

Question 5

What allows for the speeding up of transportation of ions and molecules?

Answer 5

Circulation

Question 6

Define Gastrovascular Cavities

Answer 6

Open spaces inside of the animal that allows for cells to be in contact with the environment.

Question 7

In terms of tissue thickness, what is ideal for faster diffusion?

Answer 7

The thinner the tissues, the faster diffusion can happen.

Question 8

In terms of size, what molecules can diffuse across cell membranes?

Answer 8

Small ions and molecules.

Question 9

The transportation of what sort of substances requires active transportation?

Answer 9

Macromolecules

Question 10

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 10

To transport blood to every cell.

Question 11

How can Circulatory Systems be classified?

Answer 11

Open or Closed

Question 12

Explain everything important about Open Circulatory Systems

Answer 12

Arthropods and Molluscs have this system; the blood is called “hemolymph” because it mixes with interstitial fluid.

Question 13

What is characteristic of Closed Circulatory Systems?

Answer 13

The blood is enclosed inside of the vessels.

Question 14

What is characteristic of the water vascular system?

Answer 14

It uses water instead of blood.

Question 15

What are the functions of the Hydraulic System in echinoderms?

Answer 15

Locomotion, respiration, and food and waste transportation.

Question 16

What is the tube foot in echinoderms consisted of?

Answer 16

The ampulla (top) and the podium (bottom)

Question 17

What are examples of some things that the circulatory system moves?

Answer 17

Oxygen-Sugars-Hormones-Antibodies-Waste-Pathogens

Question 18

Define Blood

Answer 18

A tissue made of platelets, cells, and plasma.

Question 19

Define Plasma

Answer 19

A fluid that is 95% water and is consisted of hormones, glucose, and proteins.

Question 20

What are the cells of the blood?

Answer 20

Erythrocytes (red cells) and Leukocytes (white cells)

Question 21

What are important things to note about Erythrocytes?

Answer 21

They are concave, do not have a nucleus, give high SA TO VOLUME ratio, have hemoglobin that binds oxygen.

Question 22

What is the main function of leukocytes?

Answer 22

They defend against pathogens.

Question 23

What do platelets form?

Answer 23

Clots.

Question 24

When blood is centrifuged, what is it consisted of?

Answer 24

55% PLASMA- 45% Erythrocytes- Less than 1% leukocytes and platelets.

Question 25

Blood is transported in _____.

Answer 25

Vessels.

Question 26

What do arteries and veins do respectively?

Answer 26

Arteries take blood away from the heart and the veins bring the blood towards he heart.

Question 27

What is a special characteristic of arteries?

Answer 27

They have a small area to speed up blood movement.

Question 28

What is a special characteristic of veins?

Answer 28

They have a low pressure cause of a big radius; the blood is deoxygenated because it “lost” oxygen to the tissues.

Question 29

Define Capillaries

Answer 29

Site of gas/solute exchange. They are very tiny and there are large amounts of them.

Question 30

How can the hearts of organism be classified?

Answer 30

They are either 2,3, or 4 chambered.

Question 31

How can organisms be classified based of their circulation?

Answer 31

They either have single or double circulation.

Question 32

Define Single Circulation

Answer 32

There is only one circuit in which blood goes through.

Question 33

Define Double Circulation

Answer 33

There are dedicated body/respiratory circuits.

Question 34

Define Atrium

Answer 34

The top of the heart.

Question 35

Define Ventricle

Answer 35

Bottom of the heart.

Question 36

What are the main differences between single and double circulation?

Answer 36

In double circulation, there are dedicated body/respiratory circuits and there are 2 ventricles and atriums.

Question 37

What is an example of an organism with Single Circulation?

Answer 37

Fish

Question 38

What is an example of an organism with a two-chambered heart?

Answer 38

Fish

Question 39

What is an example of an organism with a three chambered heart?

Answer 39

Amphibians (frogs and salamanders)

Question 40

What is an example of an organism with a 4 chambered heart?

Answer 40

Mammals

Question 41

What are examples of organisms that have Double Circulation?

Answer 41

Amphibians and Mammals

Question 42

How many times did four chambered hearts evolve?

Answer 42

They evolved twice in mammals and archosaurs.

Question 43

What are some things to note about DOUBLE CIRCULATION?

Answer 43

Some blood gets sent to the body and to the lung; the blood comes back to the heart twice.

Question 44

What does complete separation of circulatory circuits allow for?

Answer 44

Maximizing oxygen absorption from the lungs.

Question 45

How many chambers does the heart of a crocodile have?

Answer 45

4.

Question 46

Define Foramen of Panizza

Answer 46

A structure that allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit and it can open/close and connect the two ventricles.

Question 47

A _____ is a muscular pump.

Answer 47

Heart

Question 48

Define Semilunar Valve

Answer 48

The valve on the top part of the heart that is directing blood flow from the ventricle-away (to the body or lungs)

Question 49

Define Atrioventricular Valve

Answer 49

Valve between the atrium and the ventricle.

Question 50

Where does the pulmonary artery direct blood flow to?

Answer 50

The lungs.

Question 51

What is the order in which blood flow comes into the body?

Answer 51

To the Lungs- From the lungs- To the body- From the Body

Question 52

What structure forces blood flow to occur in one direction?

Answer 52

Valves

Question 53

The _____ triggers each heartbeat.

Answer 53

Sinoatrial Node

Question 54

Define Sinoatrial Node

Answer 54

Neural circuit localized to the heart that can work on its own.

Question 55

What are the steps that happen at each heartbeat?

Answer 55

Signals from the Sinoatrial Node spread through the atria- Signals are delayed at the AV node- Bundle Branches pass signals to the heart apex- Signals spread throughout the ventricles.