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Bio 5B > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Etiolation

A

Morphological adaptations for growing in the darkness.

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2
Q

Define De-Etiolation

A

After exposure to light, a potato undergoes a change called de-etiolation, in which the shoots and roots grow normally.

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3
Q

A potato’s response to light is an example of _____.

A

Cell-Signal Processing

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4
Q

What are the stages of cell-signal processing?

A

Reception-Transduction-Response

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5
Q

What happens in the reception stage?

A

The ligand binds to the receptor.

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6
Q

What happen in the Transduction Stage?

A

Relay proteins and secondary messengers carry the signal over to where it is intended to go.

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7
Q

What do plant hormones help us do?

A

Coordinate growth, development, and stimuli responses.

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8
Q

Define Plant Hormones

A

Chemical signals that modify/control more specific physiological processes within a plant.

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9
Q

What are the 5 plant hormones?

A

Auxin-Cytokinin-Gibberellins-Abscisic Acid-Ethylene ACG-AE

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10
Q

What is something to note about the production of plant hormones?

A

They are produced in VERY LOW concentrations; however, a minute amount can greatly affect growth and development of a plant organ.

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11
Q

How exactly do plant hormones control plant growth and development?

A

By affecting the division, elongation, and differentiation of cells.

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12
Q

Define Tropism

A

Any response resulting in a curvature of organs towards or away from a stimulus is called tropism.

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13
Q

What did Darwin and his son discover regarding plants?

A

That a grass seedling could bend toward light only if the tip of the coleoptile was present.

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14
Q

Define Auxin

A

Any chemical that promotes elongation of the coleoptiles. We specifically refer to indoleacetic acid. (IAA)

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15
Q

Where is IAA produced and to where is it transported to?

A

It is produced in shoot tips and it is transported down the stem.

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16
Q

What does Auxin stimulate?

A

Proton pumps in the plasma membrane.

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17
Q

What do proton pumps that are stimulated by Auxin do?

A

They lower the pH in the cell wall, activating expansins, enzymes that loosen the wall’s fabric and allowing the cell to expand.

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18
Q

Define Expansins

A

Enzymes that loosen the wall’s fabric and allowing the cell to expand.

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19
Q

What does the polar transport of Auxin play a role in?

A

Pattern formation of the developing plant.

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20
Q

What does reduced Auxin flow from the shoot of a branch lead to?

A

It stimulates growth in lower branches.

21
Q

What does Auxin transport play a role in?

A

Phyllotaxy, the arrangement of leaves on the stem.

22
Q

What does the polar transport of Auxin from leaf margins direct?

A

Leaf venation (vein) pattern.

23
Q

The activity of which important system is under the control of Auxin transport?

A

The Vascular Cambium

24
Q

What does indolbutyric acid (IBA) stimulate?

A

It stimulates the adventitious roots

25
Q

Can an overdose of synthetic auxin kill plants? If so, give an example.

A

Yes, it can; 2,4-D is used as a herbicide on eudicots.

26
Q

Where are Cytokinins produced?

A

In actively growing tissues such as roots, embryos, and fruits.

27
Q

What do Cytokinins and Auxins work together to do?

A

To control cell division and cell differentiation.

28
Q

Which chemicals interact in the control of apical dominance? What does “control of apical dominance” mean?

A

Cytokinins, auxins, and strigolactone; control of apical dominance is a terminal bud’s ability to suppress development of the axillary buds.

29
Q

What happens if the terminal bud of a plant is removed?

A

A plant becomes bushier.

30
Q

What do Gibberellins affect?

A

Stem elongation, fruit growth, and germination.

31
Q

Where are Gibberellins produced?

A

They are produced in young roots, stems, and leaves.

32
Q

How do Gibberellins stimulate the growth of the leaves and stems?

A

Via cell division and elongation.

33
Q

In many plants, what has to be present for the fruit to be able to develop?

A

Auxins and Gibberellins.

34
Q

In seeds, after water is imbibed, what does the release of Gibberellins do?

A

Release of gibberellins from the embryo signals seeds to germination, and the endosperm to break down.

35
Q

What is role of Abscisic Acid?

A

It plays an important role in seed dormancy and ensures that the seed will germinate only in optimal conditions.

36
Q

When is dormancy in seeds broken down?

A

Only when ABA (Abscisic Acid) is removed by heavy rain, light, or prolonged cold.

37
Q

What internal signal allows plants to withstand drought?

A

ABA

38
Q

What does the accumulation of ABA lead to?

A

It causes the stomata to close rapidly.

39
Q

What do plants produce Ethylene in response to?

A

Stresses such as drought, flooding, mechanical pressures, and injury.

40
Q

The effects of Ethylene include response to:

A

Mechanical Stress- Senescence-Leaf Abscission-Fruit Ripening M-SAF

41
Q

What does Ethylene include and what does that thing allow for?

A

Triple Response; allows a growing shoot to avoid obstacles.

42
Q

What does the Triple Response consist of?

A

Slowing of the stem elongation, a thickening of the stem, and horizontal growth.

43
Q

Define Senescence

A

The programmed death of cells or organs.

44
Q

What is a burst of ethylene associated with?

A

Apoptosis, the programmed destruction of cells, organs, or whole plants.

45
Q

Define Leaf Abscission

A

The process that occurs in autumn when a leaf walls.

46
Q

A change in the balance of what things controls the abscission of leaves?

A

Auxin and Ethylene.

47
Q

What does a burst of ethylene production in a fruit lead to?

A

It triggers the ripening process; ethylene triggers ripening, and ripening triggers release of more ethylene.

48
Q

How do fruit producers control ripening?

A

By picking green fruit and controlling ethylene leaves.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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