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Bio 5B > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which organisms are able to thrive almost everywhere (including places too acidic, salty, cold, or hot for most other organisms)?

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

What are some key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

PROKARYOTES

They have smaller cell sizes (smaller in diameter)
They usually have no membrane, other than the cell membrane, which may be unfolded.
The DNA is not contained in a discrete region.
Small genome.
Presence of few organelles (ribosome being one of them)

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3
Q

Are eukaryotes more ancient or prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Most prokaryotes are _____, although some species form colonies.

A

Unicellular

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5
Q

What are the different shapes for prokaryotes?

A

Spheres-Spiral-Cylinder. SSC

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6
Q

What is the cell wall of eukaryotes made of?

A

Chitin or cellulose

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7
Q

What do bacterial cell walls contain?

A

Peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides.

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8
Q

Which of the domains contains polysaccharides and proteins but lacks peptidoglycan?

A

Archaea

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9
Q

What is responsible for targeting peptidoglycans and damaging bacterial cell walls?

A

Antibiotics

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10
Q

What does it mean for something to be motile?

A

It can move.

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11
Q

How do motile bacteria move?

A

They propel themselves using the flagella that are structurally and functionally different from eukaryotic flagella.

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12
Q

Define Taxis. When does it happen?

A

Taxis is the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli; it happens in a heterogenous environment.

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13
Q

What are characteristics of prokaryotes evolving and reproducing?

A

They can reproduce very quickly by binary fission and divide every 1-3 hours.

They can evolve rapidly due to their short generation times.

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14
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have considerable genetic variation? What are factors attributed to this?

A

Prokaryotes; the three factors are rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination.
RMR. (Reproduction-Mutation-Recombination)

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15
Q

In what ways can prokaryotic DNA from different individuals be brought together?

A

Transformation-Transduction-Conjugation. TTC

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16
Q

Define Transformation

A

A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called transformation.

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17
Q

Define Transduction

A

The movement of genes in between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

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18
Q

Define Conjugation

A

Occurs when genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined.

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19
Q

Define Phototrophs

A

Obtain energy from light.

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20
Q

Define Chemotrophs

A

Obtain energy from chemicals.

21
Q

Define Autotrophs

A

Require CO2 as a Carbon source.

22
Q

Define Heterotroph

A

Requires an organic nutrient to make organic compounds.

23
Q

What are the 4 major modes of nutrition?

A

Photoautotrophy-Chemoautotrophy-Photoheterotrophy-Chemoheterotrophy

24
Q

What is an example of a photoautotroph?

A

Cyanobacteria

25
Q

What is an example of a chemoautotroph?

A

Sulfolobus

26
Q

What is an example of a photoheterotroph?

A

Rhodobacter

27
Q

What is an example of a chemoheterotroph?

A

Clostridium

28
Q

What are heterocysts?

A

Photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells that exchange metabolic products.

29
Q

Where does metabolic cooperation occur in some species of prokaryotes?

A

Surface-coating colonies called biofilms.

30
Q

What, generally, is the role of prokaryotes in the biosphere?

A

They play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and non-living components of the ecosystems.

31
Q

How do prokaryotes function as decomposers?

A

Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers, breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products.

32
Q

What do nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes do for the environment?

A

They add usable nitrogen to the environment which is then used by plants.

33
Q

Define Symbiosis

A

An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and a smaller symbiont.

34
Q

What are the different types of symbiosis?

A

Mutualism-Commensalism-Parasitism. MCP

35
Q

Define Mutualism

A

A symbiosis in which both symbiotic organisms benefit.

36
Q

Define Commensalism

A

One organism benefits while neither harming or helping the other one in any significant way.

37
Q

Define Parasitism

A

An organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host.

38
Q

Define Pathogens

A

Parasites that cause disease.

39
Q

_____ cause about half of all human diseases.

A

Prokaryotes

40
Q

How do pathogenic prokaryotes cause disease?

A

By producing endotoxins and exotoxins.

41
Q

How do Exotoxins behave?

A

They can cause disease even if the prokaryote that produces them are not present.

42
Q

How do endotoxins behave?

A

They are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

43
Q

What does the Fimbriae do in prokaryotes?

A

It’s a sticky hair-like structure that allows it to adhere (stick) to things.

44
Q

What does the Sex Pilus do in prokaryotes?

A

It is a hollow tube that allows for the transfer of DNA.

45
Q

How is the movement of the rod of prokaryotes driven?

A

By a proton pump

46
Q

In conjugation, how do you know which one is the host cell and which one is the donor cell?

A

The DONOR CELL contains the plasmid. DP

47
Q

In all the possible symbiotic reactions, what happens to the symbiont?

A

It always BENEFITS.

48
Q

How can prokaryotes be beneficial in our lives?

A

They can be used to make more ethanol to use for fuel and they can make things from the products of prokaryotes.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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