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Bio 5B > Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does sensation allow organisms to do?

A

It allows organisms to react to stimuli.

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2
Q

What are the steps of sensation in animals?

A

Reception-Transduction-Transmission-Perception. RTTP

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3
Q

Define Sensory Receptors

A

They are either neurons or attached to neurons.

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4
Q

What are the 5 classes of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors-Chemoreceptors-Electromagnetic Receptors-Thermoreceptors-Nociceptors MCET-N

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5
Q

What do mechanoreceptors do?

A

Touch, vibration, audition (noise)

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6
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Osmolarity, taste, smell

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7
Q

What do electromagnetic receptors do?

A

Electrical current, light (vision)

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8
Q

What do thermoreceptors do?

A

Hot,cold

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9
Q

What do nociceptors do?

A

PaIN

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10
Q

Define Perception

A

A neural representation of the world.

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11
Q

What is the oldest sense?

A

Olfaction

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12
Q

Define Olfaction

A

The long-range detection of fluid-borne molecules.

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13
Q

What are some of the structures involved in olfaction?

A

Nares-Antennae-Olfactory Epithelium-Tentacles

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14
Q

In terms of movement from structure to structure, how does olfaction happen?

A

Olfactory receptor cells to nasal epithelium to bone to olfactory bulb to brain.

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15
Q

Define Odors

A

Mixtures of chemicals called odorants.

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16
Q

What are the steps that happen in olfaction?

A

1) Olfactory receptor cells express olfactory receptors that bind to odorants. Each olfactory cell only expresses one type of olfactory receptor.

2) Odorants bind to olfactory receptors, triggering action potentials in olfactory receptor cells.

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17
Q

How is odor intensity encoded?

A

Based on how many olfactory cells were stimulated.

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18
Q

What would happen if olfactory cells expressed more than one olfactory receptor?

A

We wouldn’t be able to distinguish between smells.

19
Q

_____ has evolved many times.

A

Vision

20
Q

What types of eyes are present?

A

Eyes with no lenses- Camera Lens Eyes.

21
Q

What are examples of eyes with no lenses?

A

Eyespots, eyecups, pinhole eyes.

22
Q

What are examples of eyes with lenses?

A

Chambered, compound, and simple eyes.

23
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?

A

Inverse relationship between wavelength and energy

24
Q

How can the energy of photons be characterized?

A

They have different amounts of energy..

25
Q

What are the colors included in the visible spectrum and what is the range?

A

ROYGBIV; 400 to 700 nm (700 is red and 400 is violet)

26
Q

What proteins do photoreceptors contain?

A

They contain proteins called opsins with a photosensitive pigment retinal.

27
Q

What is the function of the retinal?

A

To respond to light.

28
Q

How can the cis-retinal structure be characterized?

A

It has a bend.

29
Q

What happens to the cis-retinal structure with the addition of a specific photon?

A

It turns into the trans-retinal shape, removing the bend.

30
Q

Where are opsins found?

A

Photosensory neurons called rods and cones.

31
Q

What is the main difference between rods and cones?

A

Rods have a larger photoreceptive region.

32
Q

Within the rods and cones, where can the opsins be found?

A

In the photoreceptive regions.

33
Q

What is another name for the photoreceptive region of the rods and cones?

A

Membrane folding

34
Q

Where do opsins span?

A

The membrane- dense folding increases membrane surface area.

35
Q

How do photosensory cells respond to wavelengths?

A

They respond to a specific wavelength range.

36
Q

Where are phtosensory cells embedded?

A

In the retina.

37
Q

Are there more rods or cones?

A

Many more rods than cones.

38
Q

In order, how does light transfer in the eye?

A

It goes to the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, and optic nerve. C-PIL-RO

39
Q

How can the structure of the retina be characterized?

A

It is composed of layers.

40
Q

What does it mean for the left and right visual fields to be processed separately?

A

The left visual field is processed by the right side of the brain and viceversa.

41
Q

What does the loss of cones result in?

A

Color blindness.

42
Q

What is an example of a non-spectral color?

A

Purple; it is not included in the chart.

43
Q

Animals with 4 cones perceive how many non-spectral colors?

A

At least 5.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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