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Bio 5B > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

On what grounds are plants distinguished from one another mainly?

A

The presence or absence of vascular tissues.

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of plants called?

A

Non-Vascular Plants and Vascular Plants

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3
Q

What are examples of non-vascular plants?

A

Bryophytes, which include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

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4
Q

What are the divisions of vascular plants?

A

Seedless Plants (that can be divided into clades) and Seed Plants

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5
Q

What are the clades present in the seedless plants?

A

Lycophytes and Pterophytes. The “L’ in seedless —> think of lycophytes.

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6
Q

Define Seed

A

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.

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7
Q

Seed plants form a _____ and can be further divided into 2 large clades. What are those clades called and what are examples of them?

A

Clade; gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Gymnosperms, “the naked seed plants,” including conifers.

Angiosperms, the flowering plants.

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8
Q

Bryophyte life cycles are dominated by the _____ stage.

A

Gametophyte

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9
Q

Bryophytes are represented today by _____ of small herbaceous (non-woody) plants. What are those plants and which phylum do they belong to?

A

Three Phyla

Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta
Mosses, phylum Bryophyta
Hornworms, phylum Anthocerophyta

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10
Q

Which of the bryophytes is most closely related to vascular plants?

A

Mosses

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11
Q

Explain the Bryophytes Gametophytic Stage in detail.

A
  1. Gametophytes are the dominant stage.
  2. Sporophytes are typically present only part of the time (embryonically attached to the gametophyte)
  3. A spore germinates into a gametophyte consisting of a PROTONEMA and gamete-producing GAMETOPHORE
  4. Rhizoids (not roots) anchor gametophytes to the substrate.
  5. The height of gametophytes is constrained by lack of vascular tissues.
  6. Mature gametophytes produce flagellated sperm in antheridia and an egg in each archegonium.
  7. Sperm swim through a fail of water to reach and fertilize the egg.
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12
Q

How long is the sporophyte present in Bryophytes and where is it located?

A

It is only present part of the time and it is embryonically attached to the gametophyte.

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13
Q

A spore that germinates into a gametophyte is consisted of what?

A

PROTONEMA and gamete-producing gametophore

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14
Q

What is the function of Rhizoids?

A

To anchor gametophytes to substrate.

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15
Q

Why is the height of gametophytes constrained in bryophytes?

A

Due to the lack of vascular tissues.

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16
Q

Where do the sporophytes grow out of the bryophytes and what can be said about them?

A

They grow out of the archegonia and are the SMALLEST AND SIMPLEST SPOROPHYTES of all extant plant groups.

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17
Q

What is a sporophyte in a bryophyte consisted of?

A

A foot, seta (stalk), and a sporangium (also called a capsule), which discharges spores through the peristome.

18
Q

What does the sporangium do?

A

It discharges spores through the peristome.

19
Q

Which of the bryophytes have stomata and what is the function of the stomata?

A

Hornworts and Moss sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange but liverworts do not.

20
Q

What type of plants were the first plants to grow tall?

A

Seedless Vascular Plants

21
Q

From what did seedless vascular plants evolve from?

A

They evolved from the vascular tissues called xylem and phloem.

22
Q

What did the presence of vascular tissues in seedless vascular plants allow them to do?

A

It gave them structural support and allowed them to grow tall.

23
Q

What do seedless vascular plants contain and where can they be found?

A

They have flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to moist environments.

24
Q

Which of the life cycles are dominant in the seedless-vascular plants?

A

The sporophytes are dominant with well developed roots and trees.

25
Q

What are the main, general functions of vascular tissues?

A

They provide transport and structure.

26
Q

What does the xylem vascular tissue specifically do?

A

It conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called TRACHEIDS. Strengthened by the lignin structure and allows for increased height.

27
Q

What specifically does the phloem vascular tissue do?

A

It consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.

28
Q

Define Roots. What are the functions of roots?

A

Organs that anchor vascular plants; in addition to anchoring vascular plants, they enable the vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

29
Q

From what may have roots evolved from?

A

Subterranean Stems

30
Q

Do bryophytes have roots?

A

They do not have roots. They have Rhizoids with no “tissues” or vascular units.

31
Q

Define Leaves

A

Organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis.

32
Q

What categories are leaves divided into? Explain.

A

Microphylls, leaves with a single vein.

Megaphylls, leaves with a highly branched vascular system.

33
Q

What are examples of organisms in the Lycophyta Phylum. Explain everything about the Phylum.

A

Club Mosses, Quillworts, and Spike Mosses. L-CSQ

  1. Giant Lycophytes thrived for millions of years in moist swamps.
  2. Surviving species are small herbaceous plants.
  3. Club mosses and spike mosses have vascular tissues and ARE NOT TRUE MOSSES.
34
Q

What are organisms included in the Pterophyta Phylum. Explain everything about the phylum.

A

Includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns. FHW

  1. Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species.
  2. They are the most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests.
  3. Horsetails were diverse during the Carboniferous period, but are now restricted to the genus Equisetum.
  4. Whisk ferns resemble ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns.
35
Q

Which of the seedless vascular plants is the most diverse?

A

Ferns

36
Q

Where can Pterophtyes be found?

A

They are the most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests.

37
Q

_____ were diverse during the _____ period, but are now restricted to the genus _____.

A

Horsetails-Carboniferous-Equisetum

38
Q

Which of the Pterophtyes resemble ancestral vascular plants?

A

Whisk Ferns

39
Q

What is the significance of seedless vascular plants?

A

The ancestors of Pterophytes and Lycophytes grew to great heights during the Devonian and the Carboniferous era, forming the first forests.

Increased photosynthesis may have helped produce the global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period.

The decaying plants of these Carboniferous forests eventually became coal.

40
Q

Which of the lycophytes have vascular tissues?

A

Club Mosses and Spike Mosses

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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