Lecture 5

Question 1

On what grounds are plants distinguished from one another mainly?

Answer 1

The presence or absence of vascular tissues.

Question 2

What are the two divisions of plants called?

Answer 2

Non-Vascular Plants and Vascular Plants

Question 3

What are examples of non-vascular plants?

Answer 3

Bryophytes, which include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

Question 4

What are the divisions of vascular plants?

Answer 4

Seedless Plants (that can be divided into clades) and Seed Plants

Question 5

What are the clades present in the seedless plants?

Answer 5

Lycophytes and Pterophytes. The “L’ in seedless —> think of lycophytes.

Question 6

Define Seed

Answer 6

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.

Question 7

Seed plants form a _____ and can be further divided into 2 large clades. What are those clades called and what are examples of them?

Answer 7

Clade; gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Gymnosperms, “the naked seed plants,” including conifers.

Angiosperms, the flowering plants.

Question 8

Bryophyte life cycles are dominated by the _____ stage.

Answer 8

Gametophyte

Question 9

Bryophytes are represented today by _____ of small herbaceous (non-woody) plants. What are those plants and which phylum do they belong to?

Answer 9

Three Phyla

Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta
Mosses, phylum Bryophyta
Hornworms, phylum Anthocerophyta

Question 10

Which of the bryophytes is most closely related to vascular plants?

Answer 10

Mosses

Question 11

Explain the Bryophytes Gametophytic Stage in detail.

Answer 11

1. Gametophytes are the dominant stage.
2. Sporophytes are typically present only part of the time (embryonically attached to the gametophyte)
3. A spore germinates into a gametophyte consisting of a PROTONEMA and gamete-producing GAMETOPHORE
4. Rhizoids (not roots) anchor gametophytes to the substrate.
5. The height of gametophytes is constrained by lack of vascular tissues.
6. Mature gametophytes produce flagellated sperm in antheridia and an egg in each archegonium.
7. Sperm swim through a fail of water to reach and fertilize the egg.

Question 12

How long is the sporophyte present in Bryophytes and where is it located?

Answer 12

It is only present part of the time and it is embryonically attached to the gametophyte.

Question 13

A spore that germinates into a gametophyte is consisted of what?

Answer 13

PROTONEMA and gamete-producing gametophore

Question 14

What is the function of Rhizoids?

Answer 14

To anchor gametophytes to substrate.

Question 15

Why is the height of gametophytes constrained in bryophytes?

Answer 15

Due to the lack of vascular tissues.

Question 16

Where do the sporophytes grow out of the bryophytes and what can be said about them?

Answer 16

They grow out of the archegonia and are the SMALLEST AND SIMPLEST SPOROPHYTES of all extant plant groups.

Question 17

What is a sporophyte in a bryophyte consisted of?

Answer 17

A foot, seta (stalk), and a sporangium (also called a capsule), which discharges spores through the peristome.

Question 18

What does the sporangium do?

Answer 18

It discharges spores through the peristome.

Question 19

Which of the bryophytes have stomata and what is the function of the stomata?

Answer 19

Hornworts and Moss sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange but liverworts do not.

Question 20

What type of plants were the first plants to grow tall?

Answer 20

Seedless Vascular Plants

Question 21

From what did seedless vascular plants evolve from?

Answer 21

They evolved from the vascular tissues called xylem and phloem.

Question 22

What did the presence of vascular tissues in seedless vascular plants allow them to do?

Answer 22

It gave them structural support and allowed them to grow tall.

Question 23

What do seedless vascular plants contain and where can they be found?

Answer 23

They have flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to moist environments.

Question 24

Which of the life cycles are dominant in the seedless-vascular plants?

Answer 24

The sporophytes are dominant with well developed roots and trees.

Question 25

What are the main, general functions of vascular tissues?

Answer 25

They provide transport and structure.

Question 26

What does the xylem vascular tissue specifically do?

Answer 26

It conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called TRACHEIDS. Strengthened by the lignin structure and allows for increased height.

Question 27

What specifically does the phloem vascular tissue do?

Answer 27

It consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.

Question 28

Define Roots. What are the functions of roots?

Answer 28

Organs that anchor vascular plants; in addition to anchoring vascular plants, they enable the vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

Question 29

From what may have roots evolved from?

Answer 29

Subterranean Stems

Question 30

Do bryophytes have roots?

Answer 30

They do not have roots. They have Rhizoids with no “tissues” or vascular units.

Question 31

Define Leaves

Answer 31

Organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis.

Question 32

What categories are leaves divided into? Explain.

Answer 32

Microphylls, leaves with a single vein. Megaphylls, leaves with a highly branched vascular system.

Question 33

What are examples of organisms in the Lycophyta Phylum. Explain everything about the Phylum.

Answer 33

Club Mosses, Quillworts, and Spike Mosses. L-CSQ 1. Giant Lycophytes thrived for millions of years in moist swamps. 2. Surviving species are small herbaceous plants. 3. Club mosses and spike mosses have vascular tissues and ARE NOT TRUE MOSSES.

Question 34

What are organisms included in the Pterophyta Phylum. Explain everything about the phylum.

Answer 34

Includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns. FHW 1. Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species. 2. They are the most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests. 3. Horsetails were diverse during the Carboniferous period, but are now restricted to the genus Equisetum. 4. Whisk ferns resemble ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns.

Question 35

Which of the seedless vascular plants is the most diverse?

Answer 35

Ferns

Question 36

Where can Pterophtyes be found?

Answer 36

They are the most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests.

Question 37

_____ were diverse during the _____ period, but are now restricted to the genus _____.

Answer 37

Horsetails-Carboniferous-Equisetum

Question 38

Which of the Pterophtyes resemble ancestral vascular plants?

Answer 38

Whisk Ferns

Question 39

What is the significance of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 39

The ancestors of Pterophytes and Lycophytes grew to great heights during the Devonian and the Carboniferous era, forming the first forests. Increased photosynthesis may have helped produce the global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period. The decaying plants of these Carboniferous forests eventually became coal.

Question 40

Which of the lycophytes have vascular tissues?

Answer 40

Club Mosses and Spike Mosses