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Bio 5B > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ coordinates body functions.

A

Signaling.

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2
Q

Define Neurons

A

They are the fundamental unit of fast signaling.

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3
Q

What are some main characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

Slow-Acting, hormones, and prolonged effects.

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4
Q

What are some main characteristics of the nervous system?

A

Fast acting, neurotransmitters, and ephemeral effects.

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5
Q

What are neurons highly specialized for?

A

Information processing.

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6
Q

What is the function of the soma?

A

Production of neurotransmitters.

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7
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

To collect information from other neurons.

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8
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

To provide insulation for the neuron.

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9
Q

Define Synapse

A

Where the neurons connect to one another.

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10
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier?

A

Raising membrane voltage for an all or nothing action potential.

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11
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Acting as an administrator, summing up all of the signals received.

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12
Q

Neurons transmit information in _____.

A

Circuits.

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13
Q

What is the resting potential of the neurons?

A

-70mV

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14
Q

What is the main pump that is involved in generating membrane potential?

A

Na-K Pump

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15
Q

What happens in the sodium potassium pump?

A

3 sodium get pumped out of the cell and 2 potassium get pumped into the cell. SOPI

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16
Q

With the sodium-potassium pump, what is there an excess of inside of the cell membrane?

A

Anions

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17
Q

What sort of transport is involved in the sodium potassium pump?

A

Active

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18
Q

For the potassium and the sodium channels respectively on their own, what sort of transport is involved?

A

Passive.

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19
Q

______ change the membrane potential.

A

Stimuli.

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20
Q

Define Graded Potentials

A

Voltage is changed for a short period of time; nothing happens.

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21
Q

What are the things that full under the graded potentials?

A

Hyperpolarization and Depolarization

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22
Q

What happens in hyperpolarization?

A

Membrane potential becomes more negative.

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23
Q

What happens in depolarization?

A

Membrane becomes more positive.

24
Q

Define Threshold

A

The value that needs to be exceeded for the cell to fire.

25
What happens in the Action Potential?
There is enough stimuli to cross the threshold.
26
Neurons encode information as _____.
Action potentials.
27
How do the channels behave when you are above the threshold?
The channels are open.
28
How do the channels behave when you are below the threshold?
The channels are closed.
29
What happens to the voltage channels when you are above the threshold?
The voltage channels open and the ions are able to flood through.
30
What are the steps of an action potential?
Resting State-Depolarization-Rising Phase-Falling Phase-Hyperpolarization
31
What occurs in the resting state?
All the voltage-gated channels are closed.
32
What happens in depolarization?
Stimulus opens SOME of the Na channels.
33
What happens in the rising phase?
The membrane voltage exceeds the threshold, causing voltage gated Na channels to open.
34
What happens in the falling phase?
The K channels open, Na channels close.
35
What happens in hyperpolarization?
The K channels remain open longer than the Na channels, causing the potential to undershoot the resting state.
36
What does it mean for the neurons to be all-or-nothing?
They either meet the threshold or they don’t.
37
What is another name for the Myelin Sheath?
Schwann Cell.
38
In which part of the neuron are the voltage channels present?
In the nodes of Ranvier.
39
Define Refractory Period
A point in time where the neuron cannot be activated.
40
What is something to note about the direction of neuron firing?
It is unidirectional, meaning that it proceeds in one direction.
41
How does neuron information processing get affected with respect to the presence of a myelins heath?
It is faster in the presence of myelin sheaths.
42
_____ speeds up signal propagation.
Saltatory Conduction
43
What can be said about the distance of the cell membranes at the synapse?
The cell membranes do not touch at the synapse.
44
Define Neurotransmitters
Ligands that allow for communication with other neurons.
45
What is the reason for the presence of the synaptic cleft?
It is to allow for the action potential of the neurons to calm down.
46
What can be said about the distance of a cleft?
It is very small.
47
What are the steps that happen at the synapse upon reaching the action potential?
The action potential triggers the release of synaptic vesicles- Neurotransmitters cross the cleft, binding to the ligand gated channels- Ion channels open, changing the membrane potential.
48
Inputs are _____ in the axon hillock via _____.
Integrated-Summation
49
Define Excitatory Potential
More likely to fire.
50
Define Inhibitory Potential
Less likely to fire.
51
What are the different types of summation?
Temporal-Spatial-Spatial of IPSP and EPSP
52
Define Temporal Summation
The excitatory potentials are close together in terms of time.
53
Define Spatial Summation
The excitatory potentials fire at the same time in different spaces.
54
Why are neurotransmitters cleared from the synaptic cleft?
To reset the process.
55
What are the 2 ways to clear the synaptic cleft?
Enzymatic Breakdown of the Neurotransmitter in the Synaptic Cleft-Reuptake of Neurotransmitter by Presynaptic Neuron
56
Information is encoded as action potential _____.
Frequency.
57
What does it mean for neurons to heave greater magnitude?
It means that THERE ARE MORE ACTION POTENTIALS, NOT THAT THEY ARE TALLER.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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