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Bio 5B > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ coordinates body functions.

A

Signaling.

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2
Q

Define Neurons

A

They are the fundamental unit of fast signaling.

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3
Q

What are some main characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

Slow-Acting, hormones, and prolonged effects.

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4
Q

What are some main characteristics of the nervous system?

A

Fast acting, neurotransmitters, and ephemeral effects.

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5
Q

What are neurons highly specialized for?

A

Information processing.

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6
Q

What is the function of the soma?

A

Production of neurotransmitters.

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7
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

To collect information from other neurons.

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8
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

To provide insulation for the neuron.

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9
Q

Define Synapse

A

Where the neurons connect to one another.

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10
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier?

A

Raising membrane voltage for an all or nothing action potential.

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11
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Acting as an administrator, summing up all of the signals received.

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12
Q

Neurons transmit information in _____.

A

Circuits.

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13
Q

What is the resting potential of the neurons?

A

-70mV

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14
Q

What is the main pump that is involved in generating membrane potential?

A

Na-K Pump

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15
Q

What happens in the sodium potassium pump?

A

3 sodium get pumped out of the cell and 2 potassium get pumped into the cell. SOPI

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16
Q

With the sodium-potassium pump, what is there an excess of inside of the cell membrane?

A

Anions

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17
Q

What sort of transport is involved in the sodium potassium pump?

A

Active

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18
Q

For the potassium and the sodium channels respectively on their own, what sort of transport is involved?

A

Passive.

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19
Q

______ change the membrane potential.

A

Stimuli.

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20
Q

Define Graded Potentials

A

Voltage is changed for a short period of time; nothing happens.

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21
Q

What are the things that full under the graded potentials?

A

Hyperpolarization and Depolarization

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22
Q

What happens in hyperpolarization?

A

Membrane potential becomes more negative.

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23
Q

What happens in depolarization?

A

Membrane becomes more positive.

24
Q

Define Threshold

A

The value that needs to be exceeded for the cell to fire.

25
Q

What happens in the Action Potential?

A

There is enough stimuli to cross the threshold.

26
Q

Neurons encode information as _____.

A

Action potentials.

27
Q

How do the channels behave when you are above the threshold?

A

The channels are open.

28
Q

How do the channels behave when you are below the threshold?

A

The channels are closed.

29
Q

What happens to the voltage channels when you are above the threshold?

A

The voltage channels open and the ions are able to flood through.

30
Q

What are the steps of an action potential?

A

Resting State-Depolarization-Rising Phase-Falling Phase-Hyperpolarization

31
Q

What occurs in the resting state?

A

All the voltage-gated channels are closed.

32
Q

What happens in depolarization?

A

Stimulus opens SOME of the Na channels.

33
Q

What happens in the rising phase?

A

The membrane voltage exceeds the threshold, causing voltage gated Na channels to open.

34
Q

What happens in the falling phase?

A

The K channels open, Na channels close.

35
Q

What happens in hyperpolarization?

A

The K channels remain open longer than the Na channels, causing the potential to undershoot the resting state.

36
Q

What does it mean for the neurons to be all-or-nothing?

A

They either meet the threshold or they don’t.

37
Q

What is another name for the Myelin Sheath?

A

Schwann Cell.

38
Q

In which part of the neuron are the voltage channels present?

A

In the nodes of Ranvier.

39
Q

Define Refractory Period

A

A point in time where the neuron cannot be activated.

40
Q

What is something to note about the direction of neuron firing?

A

It is unidirectional, meaning that it proceeds in one direction.

41
Q

How does neuron information processing get affected with respect to the presence of a myelins heath?

A

It is faster in the presence of myelin sheaths.

42
Q

_____ speeds up signal propagation.

A

Saltatory Conduction

43
Q

What can be said about the distance of the cell membranes at the synapse?

A

The cell membranes do not touch at the synapse.

44
Q

Define Neurotransmitters

A

Ligands that allow for communication with other neurons.

45
Q

What is the reason for the presence of the synaptic cleft?

A

It is to allow for the action potential of the neurons to calm down.

46
Q

What can be said about the distance of a cleft?

A

It is very small.

47
Q

What are the steps that happen at the synapse upon reaching the action potential?

A

The action potential triggers the release of synaptic vesicles- Neurotransmitters cross the cleft, binding to the ligand gated channels- Ion channels open, changing the membrane potential.

48
Q

Inputs are _____ in the axon hillock via _____.

A

Integrated-Summation

49
Q

Define Excitatory Potential

A

More likely to fire.

50
Q

Define Inhibitory Potential

A

Less likely to fire.

51
Q

What are the different types of summation?

A

Temporal-Spatial-Spatial of IPSP and EPSP

52
Q

Define Temporal Summation

A

The excitatory potentials are close together in terms of time.

53
Q

Define Spatial Summation

A

The excitatory potentials fire at the same time in different spaces.

54
Q

Why are neurotransmitters cleared from the synaptic cleft?

A

To reset the process.

55
Q

What are the 2 ways to clear the synaptic cleft?

A

Enzymatic Breakdown of the Neurotransmitter in the Synaptic Cleft-Reuptake of Neurotransmitter by Presynaptic Neuron

56
Q

Information is encoded as action potential _____.

A

Frequency.

57
Q

What does it mean for neurons to heave greater magnitude?

A

It means that THERE ARE MORE ACTION POTENTIALS, NOT THAT THEY ARE TALLER.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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