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Bio 5B > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are Angiosperms considered “deceptive beauties”?

A

Because they lure insects with nectar; both the plant and the pollinators benefit from this.

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2
Q

What is something that is common between plants and other species?

A

Mutualistic Symbioses

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3
Q

In what ways can Angiosperms reproduce?

A

Sexually or asexually.

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4
Q

Which group of plants are the most important group of plants in terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture?

A

Angiosperms

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5
Q

What are plant lifecycles characterized by?

A

Alternation of generations between a multicellular haploid generation and a multicellular diploid generation.

Diploid sporophytes produce spores (n) by meiosis; these then grow into haploid gametophtyes.

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6
Q

What do gametophtyes produce? How do they do so?

A

They produce haploid gametes by mitosis; fertilization of gametes produces a sporophyte.

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7
Q

Which of the generations in dominant in Angiosperms?

A

Sporophyte, the large plant that we see.

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8
Q

What can be said about the gametophtyes in angiosperms?

A

They are reduced in size and are dependent on the sporophytes for nutrients.

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9
Q

What does it mean that the Angiosperm Life Cycle is characterized by 3 F’s?

A

They are characterized by flowers, fruit, and double fertilization.

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10
Q

Where does pollen develop from?

A

Microspores within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs of anthers.

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11
Q

What process do microspores go under to produce cells?

A

They undergo MITOSIS to produce 2 cells: the generative and tube cell.

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12
Q

What does a pollen grain consist of?

A

A two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall.

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13
Q

What occurs when pollination is successful?

A

A pollen grain procures a pollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac.

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14
Q

Where does the female gametophyte develop in angiosperms and what is another name for it?

A

The embryo sac, or the female gametophyte, develops within the ovules.

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15
Q

What is the megasporangium surrounded by?

A

Within an ovule, two integumentary surround a megasporangium.

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16
Q

How are megaspores produced?

A

One cell in the megasporangium undergoes MEIOSIS, producing four megaspores, only ONE of which survive.

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17
Q

What happens after the production of megaspores in Angiosperms?

A

The megaspore divides, producing a large cell with 8 nuclei. The cell is then partitioned into a multicellular female gametophyte, the embryo sac.

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18
Q

In ANGIOSPERMS, what is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma.

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19
Q

Through what methods can pollination occur?

A

Wind-Water-Animals.

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20
Q

Which type of pollination tends to release large amounts of pollen?

A

Wind-Pollinated Species.

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21
Q

Define Coevolution

A

The evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other.

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22
Q

Many _____ have coevolved with specific _____.

A

Flowering Plants-Pollinators

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23
Q

What do the shapes and sizes of flowers often correspond to?

A

The pollen transporting parts of their animal pollinators.

24
Q

What does double fertilization result from?

A

The discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac; one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the polar nucleus, giving rise to the triploid food-storing endosperm.

25
Q

What are the embryo and its food supply enclosed by?

A

A hard, protective seed coat; the seed enters a state of dormancy.

26
Q

How much water is a mature seed consisted of?

A

5-15%

27
Q

In which cases does the embryo consist of the embryonic axis attached to two thick cotyledons?

A

In some eudicots, such as the common garden bean.

28
Q

Define Hypocotyl. Where does this structure terminate?

A

Below the cotyledons of the embryonic axis is called the Hypocotyl which terminates inside of the Radicle (embryonic root)

29
Q

Define Epicotyl

A

Above the cotyledons is called the epicotyl.

30
Q

What is the purpose of seed dormancy?

A

It increases the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling.

31
Q

What does the breaking of seed dormancy require?

A

It often requires environmental cues, such as temperature or changes in lighting.

32
Q

What does germination depend on? Define the thing it is dependent on.

A

It depends on IMBIBITION, the uptake of water due to low water potential of the seed.

33
Q

During seed germination and seed development, which structure emerges first? What happens next?

A

The radicle (embryonic root) emerges first; then, the shoot tip breaks through the surface of the soil.

34
Q

Where does a fruit develop from?

A

From the ovary.

35
Q

What is the function of the fruit?

A

Protection of enclosed seeds and aiding in the dispersal of seeds.

36
Q

How can fruit be classified?

A

They can be classified as dry, if the ovary dries out at maturity; additionally, they can be classified as fleshy, if the ovary becomes thick, soft, and sweet at maturity.

37
Q

What are the ways fruits can be classified by THEIR DEVELOPMENT?

A

Simple-Aggregate-Multiple. SAM

38
Q

What is a Simple Fruit?

A

A single or several fused carpels.

39
Q

What is an Aggregate Fruit?

A

A single flower WITH multiple separate carpels.

40
Q

What is a Multiple Fruit?

A

A group of flowers called an inflorescence.

41
Q

Are megaspores diploid or haploid? What significance does this have? What about Microspores?

A

Megaspores are diploid; microspores are haploid. Megaspores being diploid means that they divide by MEIOSIS to produce 4 haploid megaspores, only one of which survive. Microspores being haploid means that they divide by MITOSIS.

42
Q

What does the generative cell do?

A

It divides into 2 sperm cells.

43
Q

What type of cells/structures are ovules consisted of?

A

Antipodal Cells-Polar Nuclei-Synergids

44
Q

What is the function of Antipodal cells?

A

To bring in nutrition.

45
Q

What is the function of the Polar Nuclei?

A

To eventually become the endosperm upon double fertilization.

46
Q

What is the function of Synergids?

A

To guide the pollen tube.

47
Q

Which of the means of pollen transportation is MOST effective?

A

Transportation by animals since it is targeted and less reliant on chance.

48
Q

When are seeds usually dormant?

A

Throughout extremely hot or cold temperatures.

49
Q

How can a Hypocotyl be thought of?

A

Immature Stem

50
Q

How can a Radicle be thought of?

A

An immature root.

51
Q

How can an Epicotyl be thought of?

A

An immature seed.

52
Q

What are additional structures present in the Monocot that are significant (apart from the hypocotyl, epicotyl, and radicle)?

A

Scutellum-Coleoptile-Coleorhiza

53
Q

What is a Scutellum?

A

A structure present in monocots which is a sheath that grows to protect the lower parts.

54
Q

What is a Coleoptile?

A

It is a structure present in monocots which can be thought of as an immature leaf.

55
Q

What is the Coleorhiza?

A

It is a structure present in monocots which is located just below the radicle to aid it in the formation of a root.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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