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Bio 5B > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do plants grow?

A

They grow according to a genetically determined, repetitive program.

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2
Q

What is plant development dependent on?

A

It is dependent on environmental conditions, much more so than in animals.

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3
Q

What does growth in response to environmental change facilitate in plants?

A

Resource Acquisition

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4
Q

Plant have a hierarchical organization consisting of _____, _____, and _____.

A

Organs-Tissues-Cells

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5
Q

Define Cell

A

The fundamental unit of life.

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6
Q

Define Tissue

A

A group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function.

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7
Q

Define Organ

A

Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.

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8
Q

What are the Basic Vascular Plant Organs?

A

Roots, Stems, and Leaves. RSL

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9
Q

What does the basic morphology of vascular plants reflect?

A

Their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from below ground and above ground; plants take up water and minerals from below the ground and they take up CO2 and light from above the ground.

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10
Q

Where are the three basic organs in Basic Vascular Plants organized?

A

They are organized into a root system and a shoot system.

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11
Q

Generally, speaking what is the shoot system? What about the root system?

A

The shoot system is the portion of the plant that is not under the ground and the root system is the portion of the plant that is located inside of the ground.

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12
Q

What is a Leaf consisted of according to the provided diagram in the lecture?

A

Blades and Petioles

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13
Q

Define Roots; what are its functions?

A

They are multicellular organs with specialized functions that include:
1. Anchoring the plant.
2. Absorbing minerals and water.
3. Sorting organic nutrients.

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14
Q

Define Taproot

A

A taproot system consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to the lateral roots, or branch roots.

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15
Q

Define Adventitious Roots

A

They arise from stems or leaves.

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16
Q

What type of root system to Seedless Vascular Plants and Monocots have?

A

They have a fibrous root system characterized by thin lateral roots with no main root.

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17
Q

In most plants, where does the absorption of water and minerals occur?

A

In most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the root hairs; vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the surface area available for water and nutrient uptake.

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18
Q

What are the different types of Root Modifications?

A

Prop Roots-Storage Roots-Air Roots-Buttress Roots-Strangling Roots R-PSA-BS

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19
Q

What do Prop Roots do?

A

They support tall, heavy plants such as corn.

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20
Q

What are some organisms that contain Storage Roots and what is the function of them?

A

Carrots and Beets; storage of carbs.

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21
Q

Where are Air Roots present and what is their function?

A

They provide air to the roots and can be thought of as a snorkel; they are found in pneumatophores (mangroves)

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22
Q

Where are Buttress Roots located?

A

They are at the base of the tree and are located in many rainforest trees.

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23
Q

Where are Strangling Roots located?

A

Some figs.

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24
Q

What is a stem consisted of?

A

Nodes-Internodes-Axillary Bud-Apical Bud-Apical Dominance. NI-AAA. (NI- Triple A)

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25
Q

Define Stem

A

It is an organ consisting of nodes, internodes, axillary buds, and apical buds.

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26
Q

Define Nodes

A

The points at which the leaves are attached.

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27
Q

Define Internodes

A

The stem segment between the nodes.

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28
Q

What does an axillary bud have the potential for?

A

To form a lateral shoot or a branch.

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29
Q

Where is the Apical Bud located and what does it do?

A

It is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of the young shoot.

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30
Q

Define Apical Dominance

A

Helps maintain dormancy in non-apical buds.

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31
Q

What are the different types of Stem Modifications?

A

Rhizomes-Bulbs-Stolons-Tubers. S-RB-ST

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32
Q

What are Rhizomes?

A

Horizontal stem located just below the surface.

33
Q

What are Bulbs?

A

Vertical underground shoots consisting of enlarged bases and storage leaves.

34
Q

What are Stolons?

A

Horizontal shoots along soil surface which allows for asexual reproduction.

35
Q

Define Tubers

A

Enlarged ends of the rhizomes or stolons for food storage.

36
Q

Which of the Stem modifications are horizontal?

A

ONLY the Stolons and Rhizomes are horizontal.

37
Q

Define Leaf

A

It is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.

38
Q

What are leaves generally consisted of?

A

A flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole.

39
Q

What is the function of the Petiole?

A

Joining the leaf to a node of the stem.

40
Q

What are the different types of leaf modifications?

A

Simple Leaf-Compound Leaf-Doubly Compound Leaf- Tendrils-Spines-Storage Leaves-Reproductive Leaves-Bracts. SCCT-SSRB

41
Q

What are simple leaves?

A

Single, undivided blade

42
Q

What are compound leaves?

A

Multiple leaflets arising from the petiole; no axillary bud at the base.

43
Q

What are Doubly Compound Leaves?

A

Leaflets divided again into smaller leaflets.

44
Q

What is the function of the Tendrils?

A

Leaves provide support.

45
Q

What is the function of the Spines?

A

Protection, reduced surface area, and shade.

46
Q

What is the function of Storage Leaves?

A

Storage of water and food.

47
Q

What are Reproductive Leaves?

A

Adventitious plantlets- fall and root.

48
Q

What is the function of Bracts?

A

Surround flowers that attract pollinators.

49
Q

What are the different types of tissues in plants?

A

Dermal-Vascular-Ground.

50
Q

What is the function of the Dermal Tissue?

A

Protective skin.

51
Q

What is the function of the Vascular Tissue?

A

Fluid movement.

52
Q

What is the function of Ground Tissues?

A

All other functions, including photosynthesis, support, storage, etc.

53
Q

What is a key distinguishing factor for plants?

A

They are sessile; their ability to adapt to environmental changes in a key distinguishing factor for plants.

54
Q

What is a blade?

A

It is a part of a leaf that is connected to a stem with the petiole.

55
Q

What do nodes possess that have a lot of potential?

A

They have axillary buds that have the potential for lateral growth.

56
Q

Where will flowers come out of?

A

Apical meristems.

57
Q

What is the function of Adventitious roots?

A

They could provide protection.

58
Q

What is the function of the vascular tissue system?

A

Carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

59
Q

What is the function of Xylem?

A

Conveys water and dissolved mineral upwards from roots into the shoots.

60
Q

What is the function of Phloem?

A

Transportation of organic nutrients from where they are made (through photosynthesis) to roots and growth sites.

61
Q

What are the two types of water-conducting cells and what are some things that they share in common?

A

Tracheids and Vessel Elements; they are both dead a maturity and are strengthened by the lignin structure.

62
Q

Do vessels have larger pipes or do tracheids?

A

Vessels have larger pipes; tracheids have smaller pipes.

63
Q

Where is the Perforation plate located and what is the function of it?

A

It is located in the vessel element and it is where vessels meet.

64
Q

Where are Pits located and what does it help to do?

A

Located in the tracheids and can help move water laterally to other tracheids/vessel elements.

65
Q

What is the difference, in terms of composition, between phloem and xylem?

A

Phloem is not hardened/strengthened by the lignin structure and it is consisted of living cells.

66
Q

Define Sieve Plates

A

They are filter like structures that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube; (sieve tubes are minimized sets of organelles)

67
Q

What does each sieve tube contain and what is the function of that?

A

It has a companion cell whose ribosome and nucleus serve both cells.

68
Q

What are the common types of plant cells?

A

Parenchyma-Sclerenchyma-Collenchyma-Water Conducting Cells of the Xylem-Sugar Conducting Cells of the Phloem

69
Q

Which of the plant cells have thin and flexible walls?

A

Parenchyma cells

70
Q

Which type of plant cell is the initial undifferentiated cell type for all plants?

A

Parenchyma

71
Q

Where can Parenchyma cells be found?

A

Ground tissue, phloem cells.

72
Q

What are some important things to note about Parenchyma cells?

A

They are the most metabolically active; can conduct photosynthesis. THEY ARE THE LEAST SPECIALIZED and retain the ability to divide and differentiate.

73
Q

What are Collenchyma cells?

A

They are cells that are grouped in strands and help support young part of the pant shoot.

74
Q

In terms of cell walls, how are Collenchyma cells?

A

They have thicker and uneven walls.

75
Q

What type of support do Collenchyma cells provide?

A

Intermediate level of support/rigidity; they provide flexible support without restraining growth.

76
Q

Which of the cell types are strengthen by Lignin?

A

Sclerenchyma

77
Q

What are some notable things about Sclerenchyma cells?

A

They are highly specialized for mechanical rigidity and have thick secondary walls.

78
Q

Which of the cells are resistant to bending, cannot grow, and are often dead at maturity?

A

Sclerenchyma cells.

79
Q

Where can Sclerenchyma cells be found?

A

Xylem cells.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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