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Bio 5B > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the muscle tissue specialized for?

A

Movement

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2
Q

What specific thing do muscle use?

A

Action potential.

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3
Q

How do muscles facilitate motion?

A

Via contraction in pairs.

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4
Q

With constriction, how are the inner and outer ring behaving?

A

The inner ones are contracted and the outer ones are relaxed.

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5
Q

What are the 2 rings in the eye?

A

The inner is Sphincter and the outer is Dilator

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6
Q

With dilation, how are the outer and inner rings behaving?

A

The outer ones are contracted and the inner one is relaxed.

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7
Q

What sort of arrangement is involved in the muscle tissues?

A

A hierarchical arrangement is used.

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8
Q

What is the basic unit of muscle contraction?

A

Sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle contraction.

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9
Q

What is the muscle made of?

A

Fascicle.

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10
Q

What is the Fascicle made of?

A

It is made of myofibers.

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11
Q

What structures are involved in the Myofiber?

A

Many mitochondria are involved and myofibrils.

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12
Q

What filaments are involved with sarcomeres?

A

The thick (myosin) and the thin filaments (Actin)

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13
Q

What are some things to note about the Z line?

A

It it zigzag and it moves.

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14
Q

What are some things to note about the M line?

A

Middle line, it never moves.

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15
Q

When do muscles contract?

A

When the sarcomeres shorten.

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16
Q

What does not change the length of the sarcomeres?

A

The myosin and the actin have no effect on the length of the sarcomeres.

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17
Q

What happens when the muscle is contracting?

A

You start seeing the myosin from the neighboring Z line.

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18
Q

What is happening when the muscle if fully contracted?

A

The myosin and the actin are on top of each other.

19
Q

How is the change in the length of sarcomeres described?

A

Sliding filament theory- The Z lines slide over?

20
Q

The ____ shortens the sarcomere.

A

Cross bridge cycle

21
Q

What are the steps involved in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

ATP binds to the head of the myosin, changing the shape of the myosin. Then, the myosin hydrolyzes the ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. Myosin head binds to the action, forming the cross bridge. ADP and the inorganic phosphate released during power stroke, pushing thin filament.

22
Q

_____ neuron action potentials trigger muscle contraction.

A

Motor

23
Q

What sort of movement do motor neurons allow for?

A

They allow for voluntary and involuntary movements.

24
Q

How does the muscle fiber shorten?

A

When the sarcomeres shorten.

25
Q

In terms of the amount, how much do muscle fivers contract?

A

They contract a specific and set amount.

26
Q

Total muscle shortening is controlled by the _____ of muscle fibers recruited via _____.

A

Number- Motor Units

27
Q

What triggers cross-bridge cycles?

A

Calcium release.

28
Q

What does calcium bind?

A

Calcium binds troponin, which exposes myosin binding sites. When calcium binds troponin, troponin changes shape, moving from myosin and letting cross bridge happen.

29
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

It prevents myosin from binding to actin head.

30
Q

What structure binds oxygen to muscles?

A

Myoglobin.

31
Q

What notable thing is present in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

There are voltage gated calcium channels. When calcium goes to SR, cross bridge cycle cannot ha ppen.

32
Q

What is the function of motor units?

A

They allow for some muscles to contract and some to not.

33
Q

What are notable things about slow twitch?

A

Slow Contraction-Aerobic Respiration-High Endurance- High Myoglobin-Many Mitochondria

34
Q

What are notable things about fast-twitch?

A

Fast Contraction-Glycolysis-Low Endurance-Few Mitochondria-Low Myoglobin

35
Q

What is an example of an organism that has extreme slow twitching?

A

3 Toed Sloth

36
Q

What is an example of an extreme fast switching organism?

A

Club Winged Manakin

37
Q

What does locomotion require?

A

A skeleton for muscles to pull against.

38
Q

What are the sorts of skeletons?

A

Hydrostatic Skeleton (Water)-Exoskeleton (calcium, chitin)- Endoskeleton (calcium, cartilage)

39
Q

What happen to the extensor, flexor, and tibia when we pull our legs towards our calves?

A

The extensor is relaxed, the flexor contracts, and the tibia flexes.

40
Q

What happen to the extensor, flexor, and tibia when we push our leg out?

A

The extensor is flexed, the flexor is relaxed, and the tibia is extended.

41
Q

What are the types of locomotion?

A

Swimming-Flight-Terrestrial

42
Q

What are some examples of swimming locomotion?

A

Jet Propulsion-Suction

43
Q

What are some examples of terrestrial locomotion?

A

Running-Leaping-Crawling

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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