Lecture 23

Question 1

What is the muscle tissue specialized for?

Answer 1

Movement

Question 2

What specific thing do muscle use?

Answer 2

Action potential.

Question 3

How do muscles facilitate motion?

Answer 3

Via contraction in pairs.

Question 4

With constriction, how are the inner and outer ring behaving?

Answer 4

The inner ones are contracted and the outer ones are relaxed.

Question 5

What are the 2 rings in the eye?

Answer 5

The inner is Sphincter and the outer is Dilator

Question 6

With dilation, how are the outer and inner rings behaving?

Answer 6

The outer ones are contracted and the inner one is relaxed.

Question 7

What sort of arrangement is involved in the muscle tissues?

Answer 7

A hierarchical arrangement is used.

Question 8

What is the basic unit of muscle contraction?

Answer 8

Sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle contraction.

Question 9

What is the muscle made of?

Answer 9

Fascicle.

Question 10

What is the Fascicle made of?

Answer 10

It is made of myofibers.

Question 11

What structures are involved in the Myofiber?

Answer 11

Many mitochondria are involved and myofibrils.

Question 12

What filaments are involved with sarcomeres?

Answer 12

The thick (myosin) and the thin filaments (Actin)

Question 13

What are some things to note about the Z line?

Answer 13

It it zigzag and it moves.

Question 14

What are some things to note about the M line?

Answer 14

Middle line, it never moves.

Question 15

When do muscles contract?

Answer 15

When the sarcomeres shorten.

Question 16

What does not change the length of the sarcomeres?

Answer 16

The myosin and the actin have no effect on the length of the sarcomeres.

Question 17

What happens when the muscle is contracting?

Answer 17

You start seeing the myosin from the neighboring Z line.

Question 18

What is happening when the muscle if fully contracted?

Answer 18

The myosin and the actin are on top of each other.

Question 19

How is the change in the length of sarcomeres described?

Answer 19

Sliding filament theory- The Z lines slide over?

Question 20

The ____ shortens the sarcomere.

Answer 20

Cross bridge cycle

Question 21

What are the steps involved in the cross-bridge cycle?

Answer 21

ATP binds to the head of the myosin, changing the shape of the myosin. Then, the myosin hydrolyzes the ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. Myosin head binds to the action, forming the cross bridge. ADP and the inorganic phosphate released during power stroke, pushing thin filament.

Question 22

_____ neuron action potentials trigger muscle contraction.

Answer 22

Motor

Question 23

What sort of movement do motor neurons allow for?

Answer 23

They allow for voluntary and involuntary movements.

Question 24

How does the muscle fiber shorten?

Answer 24

When the sarcomeres shorten.

Question 25

In terms of the amount, how much do muscle fivers contract?

Answer 25

They contract a specific and set amount.

Question 26

Total muscle shortening is controlled by the _____ of muscle fibers recruited via _____.

Answer 26

Number- Motor Units

Question 27

What triggers cross-bridge cycles?

Answer 27

Calcium release.

Question 28

What does calcium bind?

Answer 28

Calcium binds troponin, which exposes myosin binding sites. When calcium binds troponin, troponin changes shape, moving from myosin and letting cross bridge happen.

Question 29

What does tropomyosin do?

Answer 29

It prevents myosin from binding to actin head.

Question 30

What structure binds oxygen to muscles?

Answer 30

Myoglobin.

Question 31

What notable thing is present in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 31

There are voltage gated calcium channels. When calcium goes to SR, cross bridge cycle cannot ha ppen.

Question 32

What is the function of motor units?

Answer 32

They allow for some muscles to contract and some to not.

Question 33

What are notable things about slow twitch?

Answer 33

Slow Contraction-Aerobic Respiration-High Endurance- High Myoglobin-Many Mitochondria

Question 34

What are notable things about fast-twitch?

Answer 34

Fast Contraction-Glycolysis-Low Endurance-Few Mitochondria-Low Myoglobin

Question 35

What is an example of an organism that has extreme slow twitching?

Answer 35

3 Toed Sloth

Question 36

What is an example of an extreme fast switching organism?

Answer 36

Club Winged Manakin

Question 37

What does locomotion require?

Answer 37

A skeleton for muscles to pull against.

Question 38

What are the sorts of skeletons?

Answer 38

Hydrostatic Skeleton (Water)-Exoskeleton (calcium, chitin)- Endoskeleton (calcium, cartilage)

Question 39

What happen to the extensor, flexor, and tibia when we pull our legs towards our calves?

Answer 39

The extensor is relaxed, the flexor contracts, and the tibia flexes.

Question 40

What happen to the extensor, flexor, and tibia when we push our leg out?

Answer 40

The extensor is flexed, the flexor is relaxed, and the tibia is extended.

Question 41

What are the types of locomotion?

Answer 41

Swimming-Flight-Terrestrial

Question 42

What are some examples of swimming locomotion?

Answer 42

Jet Propulsion-Suction

Question 43

What are some examples of terrestrial locomotion?

Answer 43

Running-Leaping-Crawling