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Bio 5B > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the success of plants dependent on?

A

Their ability to gather and conserve resources from the environment.

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2
Q

What has made long distance transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis possible in plants?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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3
Q

What is Light Capture of plants dependent on?

A

Canopy structure- Phyllotaxy (the arrangement of the leaf)

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4
Q

What is the formula for the leaf area index (LAI)?

A

LAI= m^2 leaf/ m^2 ground

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5
Q

What is Nutrient Acquisition determined by in plants?

A

Structure of Roots; Proliferation in High Nutrient Zones; Symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi. RPS

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6
Q

What are the mechanisms used for different distances of travel?

A
  1. Short-Distance: diffusion or active transport.
  2. Long-Distance: bulk flow.
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7
Q

How does the process of transportation begin in plants?

A

Begins with the absorption of resources by plant cells.

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8
Q

How is the movement of substances into and out of the cell regulated?

A

It is regulated by the selective permeability of the plasma membrane.

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9
Q

What are the three major pathways for transportation in plants?

A

Apoplastic-Symplastic-Transmembrane. TAS

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10
Q

Can water cross the cortex in plants? If so, how?

A

Yes, it can; it crosses the cortex via the symplast or apoplast.

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11
Q

What mechanism is used to block unwanted transportation of apoplastic material?

A

The waxy Casparian strip of the endodermis walls prevent the apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder.

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12
Q

Diffusion across a membrane is what sort of movement?

A

Diffusion across a membrane is called passive transport.

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13
Q

Define Active Transport

A

The pumping of solutes across a membrane which requires energy (ATP)

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14
Q

Where do most solutes pass through when it comes to transportation?

A

Most solutes pass through the transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane.

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15
Q

What do Aquaporins do?

A

They channel water in and out of the cells.

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16
Q

What things can drive the transport of solutes into the cell?

A

The membrane potential (charge separation) and the proton gradient.

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17
Q

In ion channels, how are cations driven into the cell?

A

They are driven into the cell via membrane potential.

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18
Q

What does the membrane potential generated by proton pumps lead to in plants?

A

It contributes to the absorption of K+ by root cells.

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19
Q

When does co-transport occur?

A

It occurs when a transport protein couples the diffusion of one solute (H+ in the example) with the active transport of another (NO3- in the example)

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20
Q

What happens in a sucrose-H+ cotransporter?

A

It couples the movement of sucrose AGAINST its concentration gradient with the movement of H+ DOWN its concentration gradient.

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21
Q

What crucial thing must plants do in order to survive?

A

They must balance water uptake and loss.

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22
Q

What is the significance of Osmosis in plants?

A

It determines the net absorption or loss of water by a cell.

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23
Q

Define Water Potential

A

A measurements that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure.

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24
Q

How do plants lose a large volume of water?

A

From transpiration, the evaporation of water from a plant’s surface.

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25
Q

Define Transpiration

A

The evaporation of water from a plant’s surface.

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26
Q

Define Xylem Sap

A

The replacement of water by bulk flow of water and minerals from the steles of the roots to the stems and the leaves.

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27
Q

How does water move with respect to water potential?

A

It moves in the direction from higher water potential to lower water potential.

28
Q

What are things that can reduce water potential?

A

The Addition of Solutes- Negative Pressure (tension)

29
Q

What can increase the water potential?

A

Physical Pressure

30
Q

What does water potential allow us to do?

A

It allows us to determine the direction of water flow.

31
Q

What is water potential abbreviated by and what are the units it is measured in?

A

It is abbreviated by a symbol that looks like a trident and the units are Megapascals (MPa)

32
Q

What is the value for the water potential of pure water at sea level and room temperature?

A

0

33
Q

Both _____ and _____ affect water potential.

A

Pressure-Solute Concentration

34
Q

What is the equation for water potential?

A

Trident= Trident S+ Trident P

35
Q

What is the solute potential of a solution proportional to?

A

It is proportional to the number of molecules that are dissolved; more solutes —-> more negative.

36
Q

What is another name for solute potential?

A

Osmotic Potential

37
Q

Define Pressure Potential

A

The physical pressure on a solution.

38
Q

What prevents collapse?

A

Thick walls of tracheids and vessels.

39
Q

About 95% of the water a plant loses is from:

A

Water escaping through the stomata.

40
Q

What is each stoma flanked by and what is the function of this structure?

A

It si flanked by a pair of guard cells, which control the diameter of the stoma by changing shape.

41
Q

Changes in what thing allows for the opening and closing of the stomata?

A

Changes in TURGOR PRESSURE.

42
Q

What are changes in turgor pressure caused by?

A

The reversible uptake and loss of K+ ions by the guard cells.

43
Q

What happens if the water lost by transpiration is not replaced?

A

Wilt happens

44
Q

Apart from the loss of water, what can transpiration lead to?

A

Evaporative cooling, which can lower the temperature of a leaf and prevent the denaturation of enzymes.

45
Q

How are the products of photosynthesis transported?

A

By the phloem through the process of translocation.

46
Q

Define Phloem Sap

A

An aqueous solution that is high in sucrose.

47
Q

Where specifically is sugar moved from?

A

It is moved from the sugar source to the sugar sink.

48
Q

Define Sugar Source

A

An organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves.

49
Q

Define Sugar Sink

A

An organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as a tuber or bulb.

50
Q

Where does the Phloem Sap move through?

A

It moves through a sieve tube (phloem) by bulk flow driven by positive pressure.

51
Q

Plants will sometimes take up so much water where water would be remaining on the leaf. What is a potential explanation for this?

A

A theory as to why this happens is to increase the uptake of nutrients.

52
Q

In the trees, which off the vascular tissues have double arrows?

A

Phloem (they could move in either direction)

53
Q

What is a definition for bulk flow?

A

When the whole solution is moving.

54
Q

Define Apoplastic Route

A

Movement through a matrix of cell walls.

55
Q

Define Symplastic Route

A

Moving through the plasmodesmata.

56
Q

Define the Transmembrane Route

A

Combination of both the symplastic and apoplastic route.

57
Q

What are the cell walls and cytoplasms of different cells combined with? What is the function of this structure?

A

They are combined with the Plasmodesmata; this allows for the transfer of nutrients in between the cells.

58
Q

How does the sap rise?

A

The plant does not expend any energy; it moves up the plant based off of the water potential.

59
Q

What is a crucial structure that guard cells have? What is the function of that structure?

A

They have vacuoles; they are responsible for the movement of ions.

60
Q

Define Turgor Pressure

A

The pressure present within a cell.

61
Q

Define Wilt

A

Loss of turgor.

62
Q

What is the function of the Crypt?

A

Humidifies the air in the cell and keeps transpiration low.

63
Q

Through which of the pathways can phloem loading be done?

A

Apoplastic and Symplastic

64
Q

What is the function of Companion (transfer) cells?

A

To aid with the sieve tube cells.

65
Q

Companion cells are a part of what type of tissue?

A

Vascular tissue.

66
Q

Guard cells are a part of which of the tissues?

A

Ground tissues.

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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