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Bio 5B > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 2 key adaptations that allow plants to inhabit terrestrial ecosystems?

A

Pollen and Seeds

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2
Q

Define Seed

A

A seed consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.

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3
Q

What are common characteristics amongst seed plants?

A

Heterospory-Reduced Gametophtyes-Ovules-Pollen. H-GOP

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4
Q

The ancestors of sede plants were likely _____, while seed plants are _____.

A

Homosporous-Heterosporous

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5
Q

How many different spore sizes do seed plants produce and what are they called?

A

They produce two. Microspores —-> male gametophyte ; Megaspores —-> female gametophytes.

Megasporangia (2n) produces megaspores (n)) and Microsporangia (2n) produces microspores (n)

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6
Q

What is the Integument?

A

It is a protective tissue.

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7
Q

What is the significance of the Micropyle?

A

The sperm enters from there.

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8
Q

What is the significance of reduced gametophytes?

A

It provides protection as the gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte.

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9
Q

When is the gametophyte stage dominant (in which plants)?

A

ONLY in non-vascular plants.

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10
Q

In which plants is the non-dominant stage of the life cycle independent of the dominant one?

A

ONLY in seedless vascular plants.

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11
Q

What are Ovules consisted of?

A

Integument-Megasporangium-Megaspore or Egg

IMM

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12
Q

How many integuments do Gymnosperm and Angiosperm megasporangia contain respectively?

A

Gymnosperm megasporangia contains 1 integument whilst Angiosperm megasporangia contains 2 integuments.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Funiculus and in which structure is it present?

A

The funiculus is present in the Angiosperm Megasporangia and is connected for nutrients.

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14
Q

Where do Microspores develop?

A

Within pollen grains, which contain the male gametophytes.

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15
Q

Define Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules.

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16
Q

What is significant regarding the transportation of Pollen?

A

It eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals.

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17
Q

What happens when a pollen grain germinates?

A

It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule.

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18
Q

Where does a seed develop from?

A

From the WHOLE OVULE.

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19
Q

What is the seed coat derived from?

A

The integument.

20
Q

What type of embryo is a seed?

A

Sporophyte Embryo

21
Q

What are some evolutionary advantages that seeds provide over spores?

A

They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination. They may be transported log distances by wind or animals.

22
Q

What is a primary difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

The gymnosperms have “naked” seeds not enclosed by the ovaries and produce no fruits either.

23
Q

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms with examples?

A

Cyacadophyta (cycads)- Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba)- Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia)- Coniferophyta (pine, fir, and redwood)

GEW for Gnetophyta

24
Q

What are some important things regarding the Ginkgo Phyla?

A

One species called the Ginkgo biloba. They have a high tolerance to air pollution.

25
Q

What are some important things regarding the Cycadophyta Phylum?

A

They are palm-like (NOT PALMS)
Seeds are produced in large cones (Cycadophyta-Cones)
Thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few exist today.

26
Q

What are some important things regarding the Gnetophyta Phylum?

A

Species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts.

27
Q

What are some important things regarding the Coniferophyta Phylum?

A

Examples include pine, fir, and redwood.

They are extremely important ecologically and economically.

They are mostly evergreen (hold their leaves all year long).

The largest, tallest, and oldest non-clonal organism all belong to this phyla.

Oldest Non-Clonal Organism: Pinus longaeva

28
Q

What are key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

A

Dominance of the sporophyte generation- Development of seeds from fertilized ovules- Transfer of sperm to ovules by Pollen

29
Q

What do small cones produce?

A

Small cones produce microscopes within pollen grains; the Microspore will develop into the male gametophyte.

30
Q

What do large cones produce?

A

The large cones contain ovules, which produce megaspores that will develop into the female gametophytes.

31
Q

Explain the Gymnosperm Life Cycle.

A
  1. In most conifer species, each tree contains both ovulate and pollen cones.
  2. Microsporocytes (2n) divide by meiosis, producing haploid microspores. A microspore develops into a pollen grain (a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall).
  3. An ovulate cone scale has two ovules, each containing a microsporangium.
  4. Pollination occurs when a pollen grain (n) reaches the ovule. The pollen grain then germinates, forming a pollen tube that slowly digests its way through the megasporangium (2n).
  5. While the pollen tube develops, the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, producing 4 haploid cells. ONLY ONE SURVIVES AS A MEGASPORE (n).
  6. The megaspore develops into a female gametophyte that contains two or three archegonia, each of which will form an egg.
  7. By the time the eggs are mature, sperm cells have developed in the pollen tube, which extends to the female gametophyte. Fertilization occurs wen the sperm and egg nuclei unite.
  8. Fertilization usually occurs more than a year after pollination. All eggs may be fertilized, but usually only one zygote develops into an embryo.
32
Q

What has been the case for plants regarding evolutionary development?

A

Decreasing reliance on liquid water for fertilization and increasing dominance of sporophyte generation.

33
Q

What are the adaptations of Angiosperms?

A

Flowers and Fruit

34
Q

What are characteristics of Angiosperms?

A

All angiosperms are classified into the Anthophyta phylum- The flower is a unique structure to Angiosperms that is specialized for sexual reproduction- many species are pollinated by animals, while some species are wind-pollinated, and others are selfing.

35
Q

What is the function of Sepals?

A

To cover the immature flower bud; all of the sepals together are called the Calyx

36
Q

What is the function of petals?

A

They are brightly colored and attract animals to serve as pollinators; all of them together are called Corolla.

37
Q

What is the function of Stamens?

A

Microsporophylls; produce microspores, which make male gametophytes (pollen) within the anthers.

38
Q

What is the function of Carpels?

A

Megasporophylls; make megaspores, female gametophytes, and eventually, seeds.

39
Q

What is the Stamen consisted of and what is the function of each of those structures?

A

It is consisted of Anther and Filaments; anther is responsible for the production of pollen and the function of the filaments is to support the anther.

40
Q

What is the Carpel consisted of and what is the function of those structures?

A

Carpel (female) is consisted of the ovary, style, and the stigma; the function of the ovary is the production of seeds. The function of the style is to connect the ovary and the stigma. Lastly, the function of the stigma is to receive pollen.

41
Q

Explain the importance of Fruits

A
  1. A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts.
  2. Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.
  3. Mature fruits can either be fleshy or dry.
  4. Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations.
42
Q

In the Angiosperm Life Cycle, what is the flower of the sporophyte composed of?

A

It is composed of both male and female structures; the male gametophytes are contained within the pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of the anthers and the female gametophyte develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of the stigma.

43
Q

Most flowers have _____ between flowers from different plants of the same species.

A

Mechanisms to ensure cross-pollination

44
Q

Explain the Life Cycle of an Angiosperm

A
  1. In the megasporangium of each ovule, the megasporocyte divides by meiosis, producing four megaspores. One survives and gives rise to a female gametophyte.
  2. In the anther of a stamen, each microsporangium contains microsporocytes that divide by meiosis, producing microspores.
  3. A microspore develops into a pollen grain. The generative cell of the gametophyte will divide, forming two sperm. The tube cell will produce the pollen tube.
  4. After pollination, eventually two sperm cells are discharged in each ovule.
  5. Double fertilization occurs. One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. The other sperm fertilizes the central cell, forming the endosperm (a food supply, 3n in this example)
  6. The zygote develops into an embryo that is packaged along with food into a seed.
  7. When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a mature sporophyte.
45
Q

What can be said regarding the speed of the life cycle of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

Gymnosperms take years whereas angiosperms take weeks.

46
Q

Why is the Angiosperm Life Cycle considered to be more effective than the gymnosperm life cycle?

A

Symbioses (mutually beneficial partnerships)
Pollination: efficient, targeted pollen delivery is possible.

Fruit and Seed Dispersal: nutritious fruits for transport.

Mycorrhizae: interactions between soil fungi and roots.

Additionally, angiosperms have a more effective vascular tissue.

PFM

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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