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Bio 5B > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

For more than the first ____ years on Earth’s history, the terrestrial surface was lifeless.

A

3 Billion

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2
Q

What is responsible for supplying oxygen and being the ultimate source of most food eaten by land animals?

A

Plants

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3
Q

What thing is responsible for making the atmosphere we now enjoy possible and also what is on the bottom of most food webs on the planet?

A

Plants; they capture solar energy and covert it to a form that is usable by other life forms.

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4
Q

What are the divisions of ancestral algae?

A

Red Algae-Chlorophytes-Charophytes-Embryophytes. RCCE

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5
Q

Land plants evolved from _____; plants evolved from _____ generally, but more specifically from _____.

A

Green Algae-Protists-Green Algae

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6
Q

What are the notable adaptations allowing charophytes’ move to the land?

A

Charophyte ancestors lived at the waters’ edge where they had access to high light availability, nutrient rich soil, fewer herbivores, and fewer pathogens.

But, land presented challenges: a scarcity of water and lack of structural support.

In charophytes (and their ancestors) a layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents the exposed zygotes from drying out.

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7
Q

What are the divisions of land plants?

A

Bryophytes-Pteridophytes-Gymnosperms-Angiosperms. BP-GA

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8
Q

The evolution of charophytes moves towards _____ dependence on free water and a seed stage that is _____ packaged in a protective coat.

A

Less-More

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9
Q

What are some general common features between charophytes and land plants?

A

Multicellular-Eukaryotic-Photosynthetic-Autotrophic-Cell walls are made of cellulose-Many biochemical details.

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10
Q

What are 4 distinctive traits that are shared only with Charophytes and land plants?

A
  1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins.
  2. Peroxisome enzymes.
  3. Structure of Flagellated Sperm
  4. Formation of a phragmoplast. RP-FP
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11
Q

What can be said about the proteins that synthesize cellulose in non-charophyte algae?

A

They have linear sets of proteins that synthesize cellulose.

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12
Q

What are 4 key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes?

A
  1. Alternation of Generations
  2. Walled Spores produced in the sporangia.
  3. Multicellular Gametangia
  4. Apical Meristems
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13
Q

What are some important things to note about alternation of generations?

A
  1. Plant embryos develop from zygotes retained on the parent (gametophyte)
  2. Embryo has placental transfer cells which enhance nutrient transfer.
  3. Analogous to embryo-nutrient transfer interface in placental mammals.
  4. Land plants sometimes called embryophtyes.
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14
Q

What do placental transfer cells do?

A

They enhance nutrient transfer.

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15
Q

What are land plants sometimes called?

A

Embryophytes.

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16
Q

Are spores diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

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17
Q

Where are spores produced?

A

The sporophyte produces walled spores in organs called sporangia.

18
Q

What do spore walls contain and what is the role of that mechanism?

A

They contain sporopollenin, which makes them resistant to harsh environments.

19
Q

Where are the gametes produced?

A

Gametes are produced within organs called gametangia.

20
Q

Female gametangia, called _____, produce _____ and are the site of _____.

A

Archegonia-Eggs-Fertilization

21
Q

Male gametangia, called _____, are the site of sperm production and release.

A

Antheridia.

22
Q

From where to where does sperm move in plants and what is a necessary factor that needs to be present?

A

Sperm travel from Antheridia to the Archegonia. MUST HAVE WATER TO TRAVEL (SWIM).

23
Q

Plants sustain continual growth in their _____.

A

Apical Meristems

24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cells from the apical mersitems differentiate into various tissues.

A

TRUE

25
Q

Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on land at least _____ years ago.

A

475 million

26
Q

Which of the groups is thought to be the most closely related to the land plants?

A

Charophytes

27
Q

In terms of characteristics, what happens to plants as they move from water to land?

A

They develop a variety of characteristics to be able to live.

28
Q

What is the function of the phragmoplast

A

It aids in the division of plants and gives structural integrity to them.

29
Q

In the alternation of generations diagram, which of the stages are diploid?

A

The zygote and the sporophyte stage.

30
Q

In terms of size, how are gametophytes?

A

They are usually small.

31
Q

What is the function of wall in growths in plants?

A

It adds extra surface area and allows for better transportation of nutrients.

32
Q

Where is the apical meristems located?

A

It is located at the tip of where they’re going as well as the roots.

33
Q

What is the function of the root cap and where is it located?

A

It is located at the root of the plant and its function is to protect the apical meristems.

34
Q

What are the most primitive land plants called and what do they lack? How does that affect them?

A

Bryophytes; they lack a vascular system. As a result, they do not grow as much.

35
Q

What are the divisions of land plants?

A

They are either non vascular or vascular; from there, the vascular plants are either containing seeds or lacking seeds. Seed plants include angiosperms and gymnosperms.

36
Q

What are the phyla for non vascular plants and what is an example of each?

A

Hepatophyta-Bryophyta-Anthocerophyta

Examples in order include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

37
Q

What are the phyla for Seedless Vascular Plants and what is an example of each?

A

Lycophyta-Pterophyta

Examples in order are lycophytes and pterophtyes.

38
Q

What are the phyla for seed plants?

A

Ginkgophyta-Cycadophyta-Gnetophyta-Coniferophtya

Examples in order include Ginkgo, cycads, gnetophytes, and conifers.

39
Q

What is the phyla for Angiosperm and what is an example?

A

Anthophyta; flowering plants.

40
Q

What are the 10 phyla of extant plants?

A

Hepatophyta-Bryophyta-Anthocerophyta-Lycophyta-Pterophyta-Ginkgophyta-Cyacodophyta-Gnetophyta-Coniferophyta-Anthophyta. H-BALP-CG-CG-A

Bio 5B (26 decks)

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