Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent or stable change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

described by Pavlov, occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a previously meaningful stimulus will eventually take on some meaning

Question 3

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 3

initially neutral stimulus

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

initially meaningful stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned response

Answer 5

initally neutral/natural response to the US

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

the response to the CS after conditioning

Question 7

Forward conditioning

Answer 7

in which the CS is presented before the US

Question 8

Delay conditioning

Answer 8

the CS is present until the US begins

Question 9

Trace conditioning

Answer 9

CS is removedsome time before the US is presented

Question 10

John Watson

Answer 10

demonstrated Classical conditioning with the Little Albert

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

ability to distinguish between different stimuli

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

takes place when the pairing of the natural and neutral stimulihave ecoured with enough frequency that the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the CR

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

the elimination of the CR

Question 14

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 14

the orginal response disapperas on its own but then appears again by the previous CS at a later time

Question 15

Second-order conditioning

Answer 15

a previous CS now is used as the US

Question 16

Contiguity Approach

Answer 16

Watson believed that the pairing of the neutral (eventually CS) and the natural (US) stimuli occured becasue they are paired in time

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

uses learning to make a response in order to obtain a reward and punishment

Question 18

B.F. Skinner

Answer 18

the pioneer in the study of Operant Conditioning and utilized the Skinner Box worked with rats

Question 19

Edward L Thorndike

Answer 19

proposed the law of effect

Question 20

Law of effect

Answer 20

behavior is more likely to recur if reinforced

Question 21

Shaping

Answer 21

rewarding for behavior that is closer and closer to desired behavior

Question 22

Natural/primary reinforcement

Answer 22

does not need to be learned to be reinforced, food, water, and sex

Question 23

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 23

learned reinforcers, money is a good example

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

a reward or event that increases the likelihood that a particular type of response will be repeated

Question 25

Negative reinforcement

Answer 25

the removal of an aversive event in order to encourage the behavior

Question 26

Omission training

Answer 26

seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior by withholding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

Question 27

Donald Hebb

Answer 27

proposed that human learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening connections that already exist

Question 28

Eric Kandel

Answer 28

examined classical conditioning in aplysia

Question 29

Neuromodulators

Answer 29

strengthen the synapes between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons involved

Question 30

Social learning

Answer 30

learning based on observing the behavior of others as well as the consequences involved with said behavior

Question 31

Albert Bandura

Answer 31

Bobo doll, through expirement discovered modeling

Question 32

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 32

A.K.A. the Garcia effect, animals eat food that results in nausea induced by a drug or radiation will not eat that food if they ever encounter it again

Question 33

Stimulus generalization

Answer 33

generalize form one stimulus to the other

Question 34

Edward Tolman

Answer 34

worked with rats and cognitive learning, cognitive map, and latent learning

Question 35

Cognitive map

Answer 35

mental representation of the maze

Question 36

Latent learning

Answer 36

learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation calls for it