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Psychology Vocab > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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0
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling use to reconginize meaningful objects and events

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Sensory receptors and nervous system that receives and represents stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain integration of sensory info, just taking it in

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3
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Info processing guided down by higher level mental processes, “learning from experiences” for example, I burnt my hand with a sparkler so now I don’t use sparklers

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4
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

The failure of perception, complete sensation incomplete perception, related to recognizing faces, the inability to top-down process when related to faces

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, the intensity, and our psychological experience of them

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6
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus, 50% of the time

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7
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

A prediction theory how/when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus “signal” assumes that detection depends on partly on a person’s experience, if they’re “trained” to be sensitive to certain things

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8
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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9
Q

Priming

A

The activation of certain association areas, predisposing ones perception, memory, or response, often unconscious

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10
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimulus required to detect them as different for 50% of the time

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Principle that to be perceived as different, two stimulus must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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12
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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13
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another; sights, sounds, smells, into neural impulses our brain can understand

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

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15
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, short wavelength=dark colors

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16
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, determined by the waves amplitude, how bright or dull it will be

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17
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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18
Q

Iris

A

Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupils opening

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19
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that chances shape to help focus images on the retina

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20
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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21
Q

Retina

A

Soft sensitive inner surface of the the eyes contains receptor rods plus cones, and neurons that begin the processing visual info

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22
Q

Acuity

A

The sharpness of vision

23
Q

Nearsightedness

A

A condition in whoch nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects

24
Q

Farsightedness

A

Far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects

25
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors, detect black, white and gray; needed for peripheral and twilight vision

26
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina, detect fine detail, give rise to color sensations

27
Q

Optic Nerve

A

A nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

28
Q

Blind Spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells are located there

29
Q

Fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina, where the eyes cones cluster

30
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement

31
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously, natural mode for info processing for many functions including vision

32
Q

Blindsight

A

Experiencing blindness in part of their field of vision, causes perception to be incomplete

33
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

A

Retina contains three receptors, one sensitive to red, one blue, one green, combined we can see any color

34
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enables color vision

35
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color

36
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

37
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

38
Q

Pitch

A

A tone’s experiences highness or lowness, depends on frequency

39
Q

Middle Ear

A

Chamber between the ear drum an cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup), that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window

40
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through who he sound waves trigger nerve impulses

41
Q

Cilia

A

Still working

42
Q

Inner Ear

A

The innermost part of the ears containing the cochlea semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

43
Q

Place theory

A

theory linking pitch we hear with place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated, high pitch sounds

44
Q

Frequency Theory

A

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch, for low pitch sounds

45
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound wages to the cochlea

46
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptors cells or to the auditory nerves

47
Q

Cochlear Implant

A

A device that converts electrical signals and stimulates auditory nerves through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

48
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals/allows them to pass on to the brain

49
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

Principle that one sense may influence another

50
Q

McGurk Effect

A

The body’s compensation for seeing and hearing two different things

51
Q

Olfaction

A

The sense of smell

52
Q

Synaethesia

A

When one sort of sensation produces another

53
Q

Kinesthesia

A

System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

54
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, in lauding the sense of balance

55
Q

Retinas Reaction Order

A

1) Biopolar 2) Ganglion 3) Optic Nerve 4) Thalamus 5) Visual Cortex

Psychology Vocab (33 decks)

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