Chapter 1

Question 0

Overconfidence

Answer 0

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to over estimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

Question 1

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it, I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

Question 2

Critical Thinking

Answer 2

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Question 3

Scientific method

Answer 3

Self correcting process for asking questions and observing natures answer

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

An explanation of using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 6

Operational Definitions

Answer 6

A statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables It allows us to measure variables

Question 7

Replication

Answer 7

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances

Question 8

Case Study

Answer 8

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Question 9

Survey

Answer 9

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attributes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

Question 10

False Consensus Effect

Answer 10

The tendency to over estimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

Question 12

Random Sample

Answer 12

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 13

Naturalistic Observations

Answer 13

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Question 14

Correlate

Answer 14

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Question 15

Scatterplots

Answer 15

Each point plots the value of two variables on a chart/graph

Question 16

Illusory Correlation

Answer 16

The perception of a relationship, where non exists

Question 17

Experiment

Answer 17

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (variables) to observe the effect

Question 18

Representative Sample

Answer 18

A sample that fairly represents/reflects the population being studied

Question 19

Non-representative Sample

Answer 19

A sample that unfairly reflects the population being studied

Question 20

Double-Blind Procedure

Answer 20

An experiment where the researcher and patient don’t know if the patient is receiving a real treatment or placebo

Question 21

Placebo Effect

Answer 21

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; a blank/empty pill, patient thinks it works so thus their positive mind set will make them heal

Question 22

Experimental Condition

Answer 22

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable

Question 23

Control Condition

Answer 23

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Question 24

Random Assignment

Answer 24

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups

Question 25

Independent Variable

Answer 25

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Question 26

Dependent Variable

Answer 26

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

Question 27

Mode

Answer 27

The most frequently occurring socre(s) in a distribution

Question 28

Mean

Answer 28

The average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and the dividing by the number of scores

Question 29

Median

Answer 29

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are about it, and half of the scores are below it

Question 30

Range

Answer 30

The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution

Question 31

Standard Deviation

Answer 31

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Question 32

Statistical Significance

Answer 32

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 33

Culture

Answer 33

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 34

Experimenter Bias

Answer 34

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis

Question 35

Random Assignment

Answer 35

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups