Chapter 10 Flashcards

0
Q

Concepts

A

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

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1
Q

Cognition

A

The mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

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2
Q

Prototypes

A

A mental image or best example of a category

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3
Q

Algorithms

A

Logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, more reliable than heuristic

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4
Q

Heuristic

A

Simple thinking strategy often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, a mental shortcut

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5
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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6
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

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7
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

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8
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often away that has been successful in the past

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9
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
“Inside the box”

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10
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

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11
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability of memories, if common events, they come readily available to the mind

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12
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct

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13
Q

Framing

A

The way in issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

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14
Q

Belief bias

A

The tendency for one’s pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning

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15
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words in the ways we combined them to communicate meaning

16
Q

Phoneme

A

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

17
Q

Morpheme

A

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

18
Q

Grammar

A

In language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

19
Q

Semantics

A

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes; The study of meaning

20
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

21
Q

Babbling stage

A

Begins at four months, the stage of speech development in which infants spontaneously utters various sounds, which at first or unrelated to household speech

22
Q

One-word stage

A

The stage and speech development from age to 1 to 2, where a child speaks single words

23
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Early-stage and speech where a child speaks like a telegram, “no car, “nouns and verbs of meeting auxiliary words

24
Noam Chomsky
An asserted linguistic, believed that language will naturally occur, born with the ability to naturally (nature) learn language
25
Linguistic determinism
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think