Chapter 10

Question 0

Concepts

Answer 0

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

Question 2

Prototypes

Answer 2

A mental image or best example of a category

Question 3

Algorithms

Answer 3

Logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, more reliable than heuristic

Question 4

Heuristic

Answer 4

Simple thinking strategy often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, a mental shortcut

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Question 6

Confirmation bias

Answer 6

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

Question 8

Mental set

Answer 8

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often away that has been successful in the past

Question 9

Functional fixedness

Answer 9

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
“Inside the box”

Question 10

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 10

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

Question 11

Availability heuristic

Answer 11

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability of memories, if common events, they come readily available to the mind

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

The tendency to be more confident than correct

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The way in issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 14

Belief bias

Answer 14

The tendency for one’s pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning

Question 15

Language

Answer 15

Our spoken, written, or signed words in the ways we combined them to communicate meaning

Question 16

Phoneme

Answer 16

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 17

Morpheme

Answer 17

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

Question 18

Grammar

Answer 18

In language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

Question 19

Semantics

Answer 19

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes; The study of meaning

Question 20

Syntax

Answer 20

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Question 21

Babbling stage

Answer 21

Begins at four months, the stage of speech development in which infants spontaneously utters various sounds, which at first or unrelated to household speech

Question 22

One-word stage

Answer 22

The stage and speech development from age to 1 to 2, where a child speaks single words

Question 23

Telegraphic speech

Answer 23

Early-stage and speech where a child speaks like a telegram, “no car, “nouns and verbs of meeting auxiliary words

Question 24

Noam Chomsky

Answer 24

An asserted linguistic, believed that language will naturally occur, born with the ability to naturally (nature) learn language

Question 25

Linguistic determinism

Answer 25

Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think