Chapter 10 Flashcards
Concepts
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating
Prototypes
A mental image or best example of a category
Algorithms
Logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, more reliable than heuristic
Heuristic
Simple thinking strategy often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, a mental shortcut
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often away that has been successful in the past
Functional fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
“Inside the box”
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability of memories, if common events, they come readily available to the mind
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct
Framing
The way in issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Belief bias
The tendency for one’s pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words in the ways we combined them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
Grammar
In language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes; The study of meaning
Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Babbling stage
Begins at four months, the stage of speech development in which infants spontaneously utters various sounds, which at first or unrelated to household speech
One-word stage
The stage and speech development from age to 1 to 2, where a child speaks single words
Telegraphic speech
Early-stage and speech where a child speaks like a telegram, “no car, “nouns and verbs of meeting auxiliary words
Noam Chomsky
An asserted linguistic, believed that language will naturally occur, born with the ability to naturally (nature) learn language
Linguistic determinism
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
