Biological Bases Of Bahavior Flashcards
Physiological psychology
Behavior is influenced by biology
EEG
Electroencephalogram, measures bring electrical activity
CAT scans
Generate cross-sectional images of the brain using a series of X-ray pictures
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging, uses electromagnets and radio waves to get a 3-D structural view of the brain
F MRI & PET scan
Allowed to View the brain as it’s working, PET use diffusion of radioactive glucose
Nervous system
Has two components, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
(CNS) consist of brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
(PNS) makes up all of the nerves in the body
Afferent nerves
Nerves that soon information to the brain are sensory
Efferent nerves
Conveys information from the brain are motor
Reflexes
Quick involuntary responses to environmental stimuli
PNS can be subdivided into 2 systems
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Involuntary non-skeletal smooth muscles such as heart and stomach
Sympathetic nervous system
Process burns energy used in heightened state of physiological arousal or such as fight or flight
Fight or flight reaction
Increase in heart rate and respiration company by decreasing digestion and salivation used for survival
Parasympathetic nervous system
Responsible for conserving energy, calming
The rain is divided into three regions
The hidden brain, midbrain, forebrain
The Hindbrain
Oldest part, contains cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation, pons, thalamus
Cerebellum
Controls muscle tone and balance
Medulla oblongata
Controls involuntary actions such as breathing, the gesture, herpes, and swallowing (Basic life functions)
Reticular formation
Arousal (wakefulness and alertness)
Pons
Passing the information from brain region to another
Thalamus
Relays sensory information
The midbrain
Major components are tectum and tegmentum
Tectum
The brains “roof”
Tegmentum
The brains “floor”
The forebrain
Contains a lot of shit
Limbic system
Emotional center of the brain, composed of hippocampus amygdala and hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Processing integrating memories, it’s damaged cannot form new memories but can recall old memories
Amygdala
Expression of anger and frustration
Hypothalamus
Good picture and water balance of the body, controls hundred and sex drives, works with the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system can be divided into lateral hip without them is in ventromedial hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
The “on switch” for eating
Ventromedial hypothalamus
The “off switch” for eating
Cerebral cortex
Wrinkled putter layer of the brain, involved in higher cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, language use and fine motor skills
Sensory cortex
Receives sensory input
Motor cortex
Sends out motor information
Corpus callosum
Connects left and right hemispheres with connective nerve fibers
Broca’s area
Damage to area results in aphasia, inability to speak
Wernicke’s area
Damage to area results in inability to comprehend speech
Roger Sperry
Discovered that the two hemispheres can operate independent from each other work with split brain
Split brain patients
Had their corpus callouses severed to control seizures
Contralateral processing
When a person can draw or choose the object but cannot explain it verbally
Association areas
Responsible for associating information from the sensory a mortar cortices, damage in area can lead to apraxia, agnosia, alexia, agraphia
Apraxia
Inability to organize movement
Agnosia
Difficulty processing sensory input and
Alexia
Inability to read
Agraphia
Inability to write
Nerves
Are bundles of neurons
Neurons
The basic unit of the nervous system with a nucleated cell body
Dendrites
Receive input on a neurotransmitter level
Axon
A long tubelike structure, transmits a neural message
Myelin sheath
A fatty coating which speeds up the rate
Synapse
Gap between neurons
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers
Action potential or nerve impulse
When the neuron fires dependability of the cell membrane changes which permits electrically charged ions of potassium and sodium to enter the cell causing the release of the new transmitter
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Excite the call
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Inhibit cell firing
Reuptake
When enzyme or neurotransmitter is absurd back into the cell that released it
Acetylcholine
Key neurotransmitter, fix memory function as well as muscle contraction
Serotonin
Related to arousal, sleep, pain, mood, hunger, will levels equals depression
Dopamine
Associate it with movement, attention, reward, dopamine and balances lead to Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia
GABA
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter her, all purpose counterpart to GABA
Norepinephrine
Effects levels of alertness, lack of is implicated in depression
Endorphins
Body’s natural painkillers
Endocrine system
Body’s chemical information system, utilizes the release of hormones through glands
Pituitary gland
The master gland, releases hormones, which in turn control hormonal release
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal glands, resulting in fiber for reactions
Adrenal glands
Secrete epinephrine and non-epinephrine
Thyroid gland
Located at the front of the neck provides thyroxine
Thyroxine
Important for regulating cellular metabolism
Traits
Distinctive characteristics determined by genetics
Dominant trait
More likely to be expressed in offspring than recessive trait
Genotype
Comprises all of the possible combination of genes
Phenotype
The observable result
Down syndrome
Kurz when there are three copies of the 21st chromosome, causes mental retardation
Huntington’s chorea
Genetic disorder resulting Muslim, does not affect until 40 years old, degeneration of structure of brain and is fatal
Heritability
The degree of variance among individuals which can be attributed to genetic variations
Environmentality
The degree to which the treats expression is caused by the environment
Nature versus nurture debate
Nature: skills are born with them
Nurture: skills are learned through experiences
