Chapter 4- First Half Flashcards
Zygote
The fertilized egg; it enters a two-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Developmental psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
Embryo
The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month
Fetus
The developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth
Teratogens
Agents such as chemicals and viruses, they can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
Rooting reflex
Hey babies tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn towards the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants become familiar with repeated exposure to stimulus, their interest decreases
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Jean Piaget
French Developmental psychologists, created the concept of schemas
Schemas
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation
Interpreting one’s new experiences in terms of one’s existing schemas
Accommodation
Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget’s theory, The stage (from
Birth to two) during which infants, know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Object performance
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Preoperational stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage ( 2-6/7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet understand the mental operations of concrete logic
Conservation
The principal (Piaget believes as concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Egocentrism
In Piaget’s theory, The pre-operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
Theory of mind
Peoples ideas about their own and others’ mental states-feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and the behavior of my project
Autism
A disorder appearing in childhood marked by deficient communication, social interactions, and understanding of other states of mind
Concrete operational stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (6/7-11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal operational stage
In Piaget’s theory the stage of cognitive development (beginning at 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract things
Harry Harlow
Looked at attachments with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact not nourishment
Stranger anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning at eight months
Mary Ainsworth
Studied attachment differences by observing mom-baby pairs in a home for the first six months
Attachment
And emotional tie with another person; shown by young children seeking closeness
Secure attachment
Child can play and explore the world comfortably when mom is present, gets distressed when she leaves but seeks body contact when she returns
Insecure attachment
The baby explores less, gets upset when mom leaves and remains upset or indifferent when she returns
