Lameness

Question 1

What are some infectious lesions of the foot?

Answer 1

Digital Dermatitis, Foot Rot and Heel Erosion

Question 2

What are some non-infectious causes of foot lesions?

Answer 2

Interdigital Hyperplasia, Sole/Toe Ulcer, White line disease, thin soles, cork screw claw, wall cracks and fissures

Question 3

When observing a lame limb and unilateral swelling is observed above the coronary band, what is suspected?

Answer 3

Deep infection (footrot bilateral)

Question 4

What are some signs of an upper leg problem?

Answer 4

Swelling, clicking, crepitus and reluctant to kick

Question 5

What is the softest part of the claw?

Answer 5

White line

Question 6

Which limb does Dr. Umana like to start with first when examining?

Answer 6

Lame limb

Question 7

How should one examine and trim the foot?

Answer 7

1. Examine soft tissue
2. Remove excess toe length
3. Trim the medial claw (hind) ror lateral (front) - toe and sole
4. Use medial (hind) and lateral (front) as a guide for the others
5. Balance them

Question 8

Where is foot rot located? Is it painful?

Answer 8

Between the toes, yes

Question 9

What bacteria are commonly involved with footrot?

Answer 9

F. necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodus, preyotella intermedia

Question 10

What part of the skin is affected by foot rot?

Answer 10

Dermis (needs previous damage) (cen develop into digital sepsis)

Question 11

What predisposes animals to foot rot?

Answer 11

Previous lesion

Question 12

What can you use to treat foot rot? How long will it take to heal?

Answer 12

Excede, Oxytete, Draxin, ceftiofur
Week to a month to heal

Question 13

What are the top 3 major factors for controlling foot rot?

Answer 13

Managment (trimming), Hygiene (poop) and Nutrition (Zinc)

Question 14

What causes digital dermatitis and where is it located?

Answer 14

Treponema, F. Necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodous - between toe and heel hind legs dairy, front beef (can be very proliferative)

Question 15

What group has the highest count of lameness from Digital Dermatitis?

Answer 15

Bred heifers 62%, 49% in cows

Question 16

What are the stages of DD?

Answer 16

M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M4.1

Question 17

What is the treatment for DD?

Answer 17

Oxytetracycline and copper sulfate

Question 18

What are the top 3 areas for controlling DD?

Answer 18

Management, Hygiene, Nutrition

Question 19

What is in a dairy cow foot bath? How big should it be?

Answer 19

5-10% Copper Sulfate, or Zinc - 2 stides (need to be up to coronary band (3x week)

Question 20

What is are the most common upper leg lamenesses?

Answer 20

Stifle injury, ACL tear, meniscal damage, MCL or LCL
(wont bear weight on that leg)

Question 21

What is a common upper leg lameness in dairy cattle?

Answer 21

Luxation or subluxations (coxofemoral) - hard to diagnose when down

Question 22

What are some traumatic lameness’s and what’s the prognosis?

Answer 22

Fractures: Long bones, spine, hip
Calves - heal well (distal cast, upper splint)
Larger calves prior to weaning can heal a femur or humerus well

Question 23

What can cause neuropathies in a cow?

Answer 23

Calving, trauma, injecitonsite, developmental - sciatic, obturatur, tibila, femoral, radial

Question 24

What are some arthritis type diseases that cause lameness?

Answer 24

Trauma, OCD (young), subchondral cyst, septic arthritis (hematogenous or traumatic), DJD or OA

Question 25

What is the second most common cause of leamenss for non-infectious casue (white line 1st)?

Answer 25

Sole ulcer

Question 26

What is a sole ulcer?

Answer 26

Horn destruction that perforates the claw capsule leading to exposure and infection of the underlying corium

(Weight, abrasive surface, lack claw balance, laminitis, failure of supporting strucutres, dislocation pedal bone, damage corium, lateral claw rear common (overgrowth)

Question 27

What is the white line?

Answer 27

Where unpigmented strata medium is
Softest part of foot

Question 28

What is white line disease?

Answer 28

Separation of white line secnd to weakening of WL (mechanical injury, poor horn quality, hard surface, leg cleanliness)
Dairy - 1st 30-40 days 1st calved
Beef - all year round

Question 29

How do you treat sole ulcers and white line disease?

Answer 29

Remove lose nectoric tissue, block unaffected claw, antibiotic if swelling soft tissue

Question 30

What is screw claw? Who gets is?

Answer 30

Genetic misalignment of 2nd and 3rd phalanges of toe of angus cattle (lateral hind and medial of fore)

Question 31

How do you correctively trim Corkscrew claw?

Answer 31

Balance sole best can (no heel removal), remove fold in axial wall and slope axial, increase weight bearing surface of CSC if enoug sole horn thickness remains

Question 32

What sequella occur due to Corkscrew?

Answer 32

WLD< Ulcer, Digital sepsis

Question 33

How do you manage corkscrew claw?

Answer 33

Cull (no breed), trim every 6 months to a year

Question 34

What are signs of digital sepsis?

Answer 34

Non-weight bearing, cellulitis, weight loss

Question 35

What is Digital sepsis secondary to?

Answer 35

WLD, sole ulcer, puncture wound, foot rot

Question 36

What are treatment options for digital sepsis?

Answer 36

Euthanize, slaughter or surgery

Question 37

What block do you perform when prepping for surgery for digital sepsis?

Answer 37

Bier Block (tourniquet, clip and scrub, hit digital vessels or dorsal pedal vein)

Question 38

Which location is best for digit amputation?

Answer 38

Mid-P2 (DIP - time consuming), PIJ ok and proximal to it ok (sharp disection of ob wire)

Question 39

What is the critical part of limb amputation?

Answer 39

Debride all necrotic tissue

Question 40

What follow up should you tell an owner after digit amputation?

Answer 40

Small pasture 3-4 weeks, Pain an antibiotics, recheck 5-7 days to change bandage, 2nd bandage, block stay on 3-4 week