Diarrhea in Ruminant Neonates

Question 1

What are the three types of diarrhea?

Answer 1

Malabsorptive - cause vilous atropy - rota and corn]ona
Inflammatory - through mucosa and immune cells
Secretory - attach to vili and secret toxin that opens water pump in cell

Question 2

Diarrhea is normally a what kind of problem?

Answer 2

Managment

Question 3

What can be managed to prevent diarrhea?

Answer 3

Colostrum, Environment, nutrition, vaccination program and cleanliness

Question 4

What pathogen is…
Transmission: fecal-oral
Very resistant in environment
zoonotic
Hits 1-3wk calves
Malabsorptive
Yellow-green diarrhea that doesn’t respond to treatment
Very dehydrated

Answer 4

Cryptosporidium parvum - obligate intracellular parasite

Question 5

What pathogen causes:
-Malabsorptive diarrhea
-Fecal oral transmission
-Resistant in enviroment up to 9 months
-Age 2-14 days
_yellow or green pudding like feces, then watery
-Look active if not secondary complication

Answer 5

Rotavirus

Question 6

What pathogen is:
Malabsorptive diarrhea
-fecal oral
long shedding year or more
Age 3-21 days
-Yellow liquid diarrhea with mucus and milk or blood clots 3-6d
-fecal antigen Elisa

Answer 6

Corona virus

Question 7

Which pathogen:
Inflammatory Diarrhea
fecal oral
from enviroment- carriers (wild life)
Zoonotic
Age 3d-3 month
Acute, watery diarrhea with mucosa sheds in it, septicemic signs
(Hemorrhagic necrotic lesions)

Answer 7

Salmonella enterica

Question 8

What pathogen:
Inflammatory
fecal -oral
enviroment and overcrowding
Age 3-4 weeks
-diarrhea, feces, mucsu and blood, tenesmus
(can cause rectal prolapse)

Answer 8

Coccidia

Question 9

What pathogen:
Secretory diarrhea
Fecal-oral
enviroment and dam
Age 1-4 day, acute
may not have diarrhea, gut full of fluid
sunken eye without diarrhea
depressed/comatose
neurologic

Answer 9

Enteric Colibacillosis

Question 10

What pathogen:
Sectretory diarrhea,
fecal oral
change in diet
high producing dam
Type c 1-10d
Type D 3-10week (feedlot)
sudden death
diarrhea
colic
neuro
glycosuria sheep

Answer 10

Clostridium

Question 11

What are the diagnostic tests used for each pathogen?

Answer 11

Elisa - roto, corona, e coli, c. parvum, c perfingens

PCR - E coli, c parvum, salmonella

Histopathology: C perfingens

Question 12

How do you present diarrhea in pre calving/lambin/kidding seaseon?

Answer 12

Vaccination
Primiparous 6 and3 week out
Miltiparous 3 week out
Calf gaurd

Ewe/does 3-4 week CD and T

Question 13

How do you present diarrhea in calving/lambin/kidding seaseon

Answer 13

Clean enviroment
Colostrum - good temp, quality, quanity and
remove from dam

Question 14

How do you present diarrhea in preweaning?

Answer 14

Clean environment
Clean feeding equipment
Type and source of milk
Isolation

Question 15

How do you go about treating calf diarrhea?

Answer 15

History (vax)- vaccine, environment, colostrum management, milk source, starter, weaning
PE - dehydration, fecal score, standing or not, suckle, temp, navel
Diagnostics - PCR or Elisa or Histo
Oral vs IV fluids
- sodium to correct losses
-ingredients that encourage absorption
-alkalinizing agent correct acid
-energy needed

Question 16

Is it ok to feed calves waste milk?

Answer 16

NO!

Question 17

Whats a normal fecal score?

Answer 17

0 and 1 ok
2-3 loose!

Question 18

How much oral electrolytes should you give?

Answer 18

2L of warm water 2x day 2 hours post milk feeding (no mix with milk)

-Sodium, potasium, chloride, bicarb, acetate, propionate and bicarb, hyper or isotonic

Question 19

What are the following crystalloids used for:
NAHCO3 8.4%
NACL 7.2 %
NacCL 0.9%
LRS
Dextrose 5%
Dextrose 50%

Answer 19

NAHCO3 8.4% - Revival - acidosis and pneumonia - hypertonic
NACL 7.2 % - Revival fast increase in volume - hypertonic
NaCL 0.9% - vehicle for other agents - isotonic
LRS - physiologic comp of electrolytes, mild acidosid, hypokalemia, pneumonia
Dextrose 5% - Hypertonic - mild acidosis
Dextrose 50%- hypertonic - source energy and hypokalemia

Question 20

How do you know if you should give oral versus IV fluids?

Answer 20

Oral <8%
IV >8%

Question 21

What is the corrective fluid therapy formula?

Answer 21

BW in KG x % Dehydration

Question 22

What is maintenance for fluids?

Answer 22

80ml/kg/24hrs

Question 23

How do you know how dehydrated a patient is?

Answer 23

Skin tent:
0 Seconds =
1 Second: 2%
2 Second: 4%
3 Second: 6%
4 Second: 8%

Question 24

How do you know the animal is in shock?

Answer 24

Lateral, cold, difficulty breathing

Question 25

What is the normal blood bicarb? How do you determine the blood deficit? How do you determine the total deficit?

Answer 25

22-25mmol/L
25 - x (amount found in blood) = Blood bicarb deficit
Total Deficit = (BBD) x BW kg) x 0.5

Question 27

What is the bicarb deficit of:
<8 day calf standing:
<8 day calf recumbent
>8 day calf standing:
>8 day calf recumbent:

Answer 27

<8 day calf standing: 0
<8 day calf recumbent: 225
>8 day calf standing: 112
>8 day calf recumbent: 450

Question 28

What are the steps toward fluid therapy?

Answer 28

1. Weight baby
2. Determine dehydration score and demeanor
3. Determine bicarb deficit, glucose
4. Select fluids
5. Calculations

Question 29

How do you know you need a blood transfusion?

Answer 29

-PVC lower than 15
(normal PCV 22-35)
kg x 0.08 (desired PCV- recipient/donor)

Question 30

What is the emergency bolus dose for hypertonic saline?

Answer 30

NACL 7.2% 4-5ml/kg for 5 minutes

Question 31

If your baby is strong and standing what kind of electrolytes does it need regardless of hydration status?

Answer 31

oral

Question 32

If the baby stands but is weak with no suckle reflex
<8%:
>8%:

Answer 32

< can tube with oral electrolytes
> IV with bicarb and glucose

Question 33

If the calf wont stand then:
>8% dehydrated

Answer 33

Isotonic nacl plus bicarb bolus with dextrose, then LRS, then oral
or
biacarb bolus, hyperonic bolus then LRS then oral

Question 34

When there is fever, sepsis, feces with blood think what pathogen and what treatment?

Answer 34

Gram negative bacteria
-Ampicillin, ceftiofur
Nuflor
flunixin meglumine

or coccidia
amprolium, sulfa