Diarrhea in Ruminant Neonates Flashcards
What are the three types of diarrhea?
Malabsorptive - cause vilous atropy - rota and corn]ona
Inflammatory - through mucosa and immune cells
Secretory - attach to vili and secret toxin that opens water pump in cell
Diarrhea is normally a what kind of problem?
Managment
What can be managed to prevent diarrhea?
Colostrum, Environment, nutrition, vaccination program and cleanliness
What pathogen is…
Transmission: fecal-oral
Very resistant in environment
zoonotic
Hits 1-3wk calves
Malabsorptive
Yellow-green diarrhea that doesn’t respond to treatment
Very dehydrated
Cryptosporidium parvum - obligate intracellular parasite
What pathogen causes:
-Malabsorptive diarrhea
-Fecal oral transmission
-Resistant in enviroment up to 9 months
-Age 2-14 days
_yellow or green pudding like feces, then watery
-Look active if not secondary complication
Rotavirus
What pathogen is:
Malabsorptive diarrhea
-fecal oral
long shedding year or more
Age 3-21 days
-Yellow liquid diarrhea with mucus and milk or blood clots 3-6d
-fecal antigen Elisa
Corona virus
Which pathogen:
Inflammatory Diarrhea
fecal oral
from enviroment- carriers (wild life)
Zoonotic
Age 3d-3 month
Acute, watery diarrhea with mucosa sheds in it, septicemic signs
(Hemorrhagic necrotic lesions)
Salmonella enterica
What pathogen:
Inflammatory
fecal -oral
enviroment and overcrowding
Age 3-4 weeks
-diarrhea, feces, mucsu and blood, tenesmus
(can cause rectal prolapse)
Coccidia
What pathogen:
Secretory diarrhea
Fecal-oral
enviroment and dam
Age 1-4 day, acute
may not have diarrhea, gut full of fluid
sunken eye without diarrhea
depressed/comatose
neurologic
Enteric Colibacillosis
What pathogen:
Sectretory diarrhea,
fecal oral
change in diet
high producing dam
Type c 1-10d
Type D 3-10week (feedlot)
sudden death
diarrhea
colic
neuro
glycosuria sheep
Clostridium
What are the diagnostic tests used for each pathogen?
Elisa - roto, corona, e coli, c. parvum, c perfingens
PCR - E coli, c parvum, salmonella
Histopathology: C perfingens
How do you present diarrhea in pre calving/lambin/kidding seaseon?
Vaccination
Primiparous 6 and3 week out
Miltiparous 3 week out
Calf gaurd
Ewe/does 3-4 week CD and T
How do you present diarrhea in calving/lambin/kidding seaseon
Clean enviroment
Colostrum - good temp, quality, quanity and
remove from dam
How do you present diarrhea in preweaning?
Clean environment
Clean feeding equipment
Type and source of milk
Isolation
How do you go about treating calf diarrhea?
History (vax)- vaccine, environment, colostrum management, milk source, starter, weaning
PE - dehydration, fecal score, standing or not, suckle, temp, navel
Diagnostics - PCR or Elisa or Histo
Oral vs IV fluids
- sodium to correct losses
-ingredients that encourage absorption
-alkalinizing agent correct acid
-energy needed
Is it ok to feed calves waste milk?
NO!
Whats a normal fecal score?
0 and 1 ok
2-3 loose!
How much oral electrolytes should you give?
2L of warm water 2x day 2 hours post milk feeding (no mix with milk)
-Sodium, potasium, chloride, bicarb, acetate, propionate and bicarb, hyper or isotonic
What are the following crystalloids used for:
NAHCO3 8.4%
NACL 7.2 %
NacCL 0.9%
LRS
Dextrose 5%
Dextrose 50%
NAHCO3 8.4% - Revival - acidosis and pneumonia - hypertonic
NACL 7.2 % - Revival fast increase in volume - hypertonic
NaCL 0.9% - vehicle for other agents - isotonic
LRS - physiologic comp of electrolytes, mild acidosid, hypokalemia, pneumonia
Dextrose 5% - Hypertonic - mild acidosis
Dextrose 50%- hypertonic - source energy and hypokalemia
How do you know if you should give oral versus IV fluids?
Oral <8%
IV >8%
What is the corrective fluid therapy formula?
BW in KG x % Dehydration
What is maintenance for fluids?
80ml/kg/24hrs
How do you know how dehydrated a patient is?
Skin tent:
0 Seconds =
1 Second: 2%
2 Second: 4%
3 Second: 6%
4 Second: 8%
How do you know the animal is in shock?
Lateral, cold, difficulty breathing
What is the normal blood bicarb? How do you determine the blood deficit? How do you determine the total deficit?
22-25mmol/L
25 - x (amount found in blood) = Blood bicarb deficit
Total Deficit = (BBD) x BW kg) x 0.5
What is the bicarb deficit of:
<8 day calf standing:
<8 day calf recumbent
>8 day calf standing:
>8 day calf recumbent:
<8 day calf standing: 0
<8 day calf recumbent: 225
>8 day calf standing: 112
>8 day calf recumbent: 450
What are the steps toward fluid therapy?
- Weight baby
- Determine dehydration score and demeanor
- Determine bicarb deficit, glucose
- Select fluids
- Calculations
How do you know you need a blood transfusion?
-PVC lower than 15
(normal PCV 22-35)
kg x 0.08 (desired PCV- recipient/donor)
What is the emergency bolus dose for hypertonic saline?
NACL 7.2% 4-5ml/kg for 5 minutes
If your baby is strong and standing what kind of electrolytes does it need regardless of hydration status?
oral
If the baby stands but is weak with no suckle reflex
<8%:
>8%:
< can tube with oral electrolytes
> IV with bicarb and glucose
If the calf wont stand then:
>8% dehydrated
Isotonic nacl plus bicarb bolus with dextrose, then LRS, then oral
or
biacarb bolus, hyperonic bolus then LRS then oral
When there is fever, sepsis, feces with blood think what pathogen and what treatment?
Gram negative bacteria
-Ampicillin, ceftiofur
Nuflor
flunixin meglumine
or coccidia
amprolium, sulfa
