Bovine Neurological Diseases

Question 1

What are some good history questions for neurological diseases?

Answer 1

When was the onset and progression of signs? recent changes to diet or management? Vaccination? Morbidity and morality patterns?

Question 2

Accidental, single event intoxication usually have ___ morbidity in a short period of time.

Answer 2

High

Question 3

Multiple event intoxications have a ____ morbidity spread over extended period.

Answer 3

lower

Question 4

Infectious diseases spread ___ through the group during a few days.

Answer 4

progressively

Question 5

Find nutrient based neurologic diseases though questions about…

Answer 5

composition of the diet, recent changes in diet, access to water

Question 6

Where can you localize neurological disease?

Answer 6

Brain (cerebrum or cerebellum), spinal cord or peripheral nerves

Question 7

What are some causes of polio (PEM)?

Answer 7

-Ingestion of plants with thiaminase
-Lack of production of thimase (Rumen acidosis)
-Consuming a diet containing >0.4% sulfur (corn gluten or distillers grain)

Question 8

What are signs of PEM?

Answer 8

Blindness, staggering, down, seizures, dullness, inappetence, hyperesthesia, ataxia, head press, strabismus, opisthotonos, coma, seizure

Question 9

What is the pathogenesis of PEM?

Answer 9

Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is a co-factor for enzymes associated with energy production in the brain
-Deficiency of it reduces energy for sodium/water transport to cells in brain

Cells of cerebral cortex swell, cerebral edema, increase intracranial pressure and cerebrocorticonecrosis

Question 10

What are some differentials for PEM?

Answer 10

Lead poisoning, vitamin A deficiency, salt intoxication/water deprivation

Question 11

In order for vitamin a to be an issue what has to happen?

Answer 11

Animal would need to be off food for like a month since there is a revisor in the liver

Question 12

Treatment for PEM?

Answer 12

Non Sulfur - thiamine 10mg/kg, IV or IM BID for 1-2 days (5 min response)

Sulfur - 10mg/kg IV or IM BID for 3-5 days

Need oral fluids, electrolytes, minerals, alfalfa pellet slurry and transfuanation (wont eat or drink)

Question 13

What are causes of lead toxicity?

Answer 13

lick foreign objects, drink petroleum distillates, access to material contaminated with lead

(Batteries, motor oil, shot, roofing felt, lead based paint, machinery grease, caulking compounds)

Question 14

What body systems are effected by lead?

Answer 14

Neurologic and GIT

Question 15

What are some neurologic signs of lead toxicity?

Answer 15

dullness, hyperesthesia, muscle fasciculations, rapid twitch of eyelig or facial muscle, ataxia, blindness, head pressing, odontoprisis, bellowing and seizure

Question 16

What are gastrointestinal signs of lead toxicity?

Answer 16

Rumen hypomotility, atony, bloat, diarrhea, constipation

Question 17

How do you diagnose lead toxicity?

Answer 17

History of exposure, blindness, scours, blood level

Question 18

Treatment of lead toxicity?

Answer 18

remove lead from GIT
chelation absorbed lead
nutritional support

Calcium EDTA, Thiamine 10mg/kg, fluid and nutritional support till eating again

Controversial though cause compounding and withdraw unclear? euthanize?

Question 19

What causes TME or Thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

Answer 19

Hemophilus somnus
(Pneumonia, to brain, synovium and pleura via blood)

Question 20

What is the common signalment for TEM?

Answer 20

Feedlot cattle, 1/3rd US
winter after shipping overcrowding

Question 21

What are clinical signs of TEM?

Answer 21

High fever, dullness, inappetance, respiratory, opthalmic, synovitis, sleepy, ataxia, concious proprioceptive deficit, nystagmus, strabismus and blindness, recumbency with opisthotnos seizure or coma

Question 22

What is treatment for TEM?

Answer 22

Antibiotic - florfenicol, NASID flunixin, oral fluids
CTC

Question 23

What is listeria caused by?

Answer 23

poorly ensiled feeds (ph 4.5), could be herd outbreak
Soil contamination
-bacteria enter through damaged oral mucosa and bacterial migration up cranial nerve

Question 24

What are clinical signs of listeria?

Answer 24

Drooped ear, drooped eye lid, drooped lip, head tilt, circling and down

Question 25

How do you treat listeria?

Answer 25

antibiotic - cns penetration - florfenicol, PPG
Supportive oral or IV NSAID

Question 26

What is the prevention of listeria?

Answer 26

ensiled feed after harvest at proper stage of maturity and moisture level, limit mold, limit feeding of moldy feed

Question 27

What causes salt intoxication or water deprivation?

Answer 27

power failure to pump, pump failure, herd disease

Question 28

Whats the pathogenesis of salt intoxication?

Answer 28

Ingest excessive sodium accumulate salt in brain and CSF, sodium in brain cell by passive diffusion, accumulate sodium in brain cell inhibits energy transport to remove sodium from brain
Hyperosmality trigger thirst and drink water GIT to brain, braincell swell and brain eded increasing ICP and encephalopathy

Question 29

What are the clinical signs of water toxicity?

Answer 29

Neuro: dullness, ataxia, nystagmus, head press, muscle tremor, seizure
GIT: Diarrhea and dehydration

Question 30

How do you diagnose it?

Answer 30

Signs, increased serum sodium, increased CSF sodium, and cerebrum

Question 31

Treatment of sodium toxicity?

Answer 31

limit access to water 24 hours, hypertonic saline and dexamethasone

Question 32

What causes radial nerve paralysis?

Answer 32

Lateral recumbency - milk fever, hoof triming
Sing: droped elbow, cant extend leg
Treat: Dexemethason and NSAID

Question 33

What are signs of spinal lymphosarcoma?

Answer 33

BAR, normal mentation, weakness, knuckling in rear leg, deficit in placing feed

Question 34

What are signs of teatunus?

Answer 34

stiff gait, 3rd eye lid protsusion on loud noise, down
-due to banding