Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Lab 2 PhysioEx Notes Contd. > Flashcards

Lab 2 PhysioEx Notes Contd. Flashcards

1
Q

the … is a device that measures the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs over a specified period of time

A

spirometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

with emphysema, there is a significant loss of … in the lung tissue, which occurs as the disease destroys the …

A

elastic recoil; walls of the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in emphysema, … is also increased as the ling tissue in general becomes more flimsy and exerts less anchoring on the surrounding airways. thus, the lung becomes overly … and … easily

A

airway resistant; compliant; expands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in emphysema, a great effort is required to expire bc the lungs can no longer … and …
each expiration requires a noticeable and exhausting muscular effort, and a person with emphysema expires slowly

A

passively recoil; deflate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

during an acute asthma attack, … and, thus, the airways become constricted (that is, reduced in diameter)

A

bronchiole smooth muscle spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

during an acute asthma attack, bronchioles also become clogged with … secretions, leading to significantly increased airway resistance

A

thick mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(asthma) underlying these symptoms is an airway … response brought on by triggers such as … (for example, dust and pollen), extreme … changes, and even …

A

inflammatory;
allergens;
temperature;
exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(asthma) like with emphysema, the airways … and pinch closed before a forced expiration is completed. thus, the volumes and peak flow rates are significantly … during an asthma attack. Unlike with emphysema, the … is not diminished in an acute asthma attack

A

collapse; reduced; elastic recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(asthma) when an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek to relieve symptoms with an inhaler, which atomizes the medication and allows for direct application onto the afflicted airways. usually, the medication includes a … (for example, a … agonist or an … antagonist) that relieves the bronchospasms and induces bronchiole …

A

smooth muscle relaxant;
ß2;
acetylcholine;
dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(asthma) the medication can also contain an … agent, such as a …., that suppresses the inflammatory response. the use of the inhaler reduces …

A

anti-inflammatory;
corticosteroid;
airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

during moderate aerobic exercise, the human body has an increased …, which is met, in part, by changes in respiration

A

metabolic demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

during moderate exercise, both the … of breathing and the … increase. these two respiratory variables do not increase by the same amount

A

rate; tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(exercise) the increase in the … is greater than the increase in the … for moderate exercise

A

tidal volume; rate of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(exercise) during heavy exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme metabolic demands of the body. in this case both the rate of breathing and the tidal volume increase to their …

A

max tolerable limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around …

A

500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema? …

A

expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

during an asthma attack … and … are impaired

A

inspiration; expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

during moderate aerobic exercise, which respiratory variable increases the most? …

A

tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when obstructive lung disease develops, what happens to the FEV1 (%). it …

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which of the following respiratory values represents a decreased flow rate during the obstructive lung diseases? …

A

FEV1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

**know how to calculate ERV and FVC

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the largest volume for the normal patient? …

A

IRV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happened to the RV for the emphysema patient and the asthmatic patient? it … for both patients

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the patient emphysema, … decreased, … decreased, …. increased, …. decreased, …. decreased, and …. decreased. Patients with emphysema experience a decrease in elastic recoil in lung tissue, and airway resistance increases. Thus, it’s more difficult for patients to forcibly inhale more air, and exhalation is also much more difficult because the lungs cannot adequately recoil. As a result, ERV and IRV decrease. RV increases because ineffective exhalation indicates that more air will be left in the lungs. FEV1 and FEV1 (%) also decrease for similar reasons.

A 
ERV; 
IRV; 
RV: 
FVC: 
FEV; 
FEV1(%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1?

A

FEV1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an acute asthma attack was selected?
…. and … decreased, … increased, … decreased, and … and … decreased. This is again due to the increase in resistance experienced by those who are asthmatic, which is why this trend is so similar to what was observed for the patient with emphysema.

A 
ERV; 
IRV; 
RV;
FVC; 
FEV1; 
FEV1(%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The inhaler for the asthmatic returned every value to normal except for the …, …., …., and …. IRV was … than normal still, RV was …., FVC was … and FEV1 was also …. Perhaps not all of the values returned to normal because the medication did not fully dilate all of the bronchioles.

A 
IRV; 
RV; 
FVC; 
FEV1; 
lower; 
higher; 
lower; 
lower;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV or the IRV? How well did the results compare with your prediction?

A

IRV changed more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

at any gas-liquid boundary, the molecules of the liquid are attracted more strongly to each other than they are to the gas molecules. this unequal attraction produces tension at the liquid surface called …

A

surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

bc surface tension resists any force that tends to increase surface area of the gas-liquid boundary, it acts to … the size of hollow spaces, such as the …, or microscopic air spaces within the lungs

A

increase; alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

if the film lining the air spaces in the lung were pure water, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to inflate the lungs. however, the aqueous film covering the alveolar surfaces contains …, a detergent-like mixture of lipids and proteins that decrease surface tension by reducing the attraction of water molecules to each other

A

surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

between breaths, the pressure in the pleural cavity, the …, is less than the pressure in the alveoli. two forces cause this negative pressure condition:
(1) the tendency of the lung to … because of its … properties and the … of the alveolar fluid
(2) the tendency of the compressed … to recoil and expand outward.
these two forces pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall, creating a partial … in the pleural cavity

A

intrapleural pressure;
recoil; elastic; surface tension;
chest wall;
vacuum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

because the pressure in the intrapleural space is lower than atmospheric pressure, any opening created in the pleural membranes equalizes the intrapleural pressure with atmospheric pressure by allowing air to enter the pleural cavity, a condition called …

A

pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

a pneumothorax can then lead to lung collapse, a condition called …

A

atelectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

just before an inspiration begins, the pressure within the intrapleural cavity is …. than the pressure within the alveoli

A

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

… often have difficulty breathing because the amount of surfactant in their lungs is too low

A

premature infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

…. simulated pneumothorax

A

opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the best way to rapidly reinflate a person’s collapsed lung is to … out of the intrapleural space to recreate …

A 
pump air; 
negative pressure (e.g. chest tube)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

… refers to the percentage of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, in a sample of whole blood

A

hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

a hematocrit of 48 means that …% of the volume of blood consists of RBCs

A

48

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

RBCs transport … to the cells of the body. therefore, the higher the hematocrit, the more RBCs are present in the blood and the greater the … of the blood

A

oxygen;

oxygen-carrying potential

42
Q

males usually have higher hematocrit levels than females because males have higher levels of …

A

testosterone

43
Q

in addition to promoting the male sex characteristics, testosterone is responsible for stimulating the release of … from the kidneys, a hormone that stimulates the synthesis of RBCs

A

erythropoetin

44
Q

the … measures the settling of RBCs in a vertical, stationary tube of blood during one hour

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

45
Q

in a healthy individual, RBCS … very much in an hour

A

do not settle

46
Q

in some disease conditions, increased production of… and …. cause the RBCs to clump together, stack up and form a column (called a …)

A

fibrinogen; immunoglobulins;

rouleaux formation

47
Q

RBCs in a rouleaux formation are … and settle faster, (that is, they display an increase in the …)

A

heavier; sedimentation rate

48
Q

… a protein found in RBCs, is necessary for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. … polypeptide chains of amino acids comprise the globin part of the molecule

A

hemoglobin;

four

49
Q

each polypeptide of Hb has a … unit - a group of atoms that includes an atom of iron to which a molecule of oxygen binds. each polypeptide chain, if it folds correctly, can bind a …

A

heme;

a molecule of oxygen

50
Q

each Hb molecule can carry … molecules of oxygen

A

4

51
Q

oxygen combined with hemoglobin forms …, which has a bright red color

A

oxyhemoglobin

52
Q

all of the cells in the human body, including RBCs, are surrounded by a plasma membrane that contains genetically determined glycoproteins, called …

A

antigens

53
Q

on RBC membranes, there are certain antigens, called …, that determine a person’s blood type. Blood typing is used to identify the … which are determined by the presence or absence of two antigens: … and …

A

agglutinogens;
ABO blood groups;
type A; type B

54
Q

because these antigens are genetically determined, a person has … (…) of the gene for these antigens, one copy from each parent

A

two copies; alleles

55
Q

… is a lipid substance that is essential for life - it is an important component of all cell membranes and is the base molecule of …, …, and …

A

cholesterol;
steroid hormones;
vitamin D;
bile salt

56
Q

cholesterol is produced in the human … and is present in some foods of animal origin, such as …, …, and …

A

liver;
milk;
meat;
eggs

57
Q

because cholesterol is a hydrophobic lipid, it needs to be wrapped in protein packages, called …, to travel in the blood (which is mostly water) from the liver and digestive organs to the cells of the body

A

lipoproteins

58
Q

hematocrit values are determined by spinning a microcapillary tube filled with a sample of whole blood in a special …
this procedure separates the blood cells from the blood plasma. a … layer of white blood cells appears as a thin, white layer between the heavier RBC layer and the lighter, yellow …

A

microhematocrit centrifuge;
buffy coat;
plasma

59
Q

the hematocrit is determined after centrifuging by measuring the … of the RBC layer and dividing that by the … of the total blood sample

A

height; height

60
Q

the avg hematocrit for males is ..-…% and the avg hematocrit for females is …-…%

A

42; 52;

37; 47

61
Q

a lower than normal hematocrit indicates … and a higher than normal hematocrit indicates …

A

anemia;

polycythemia

62
Q

anemia is a condition in which … is transported to the body’s cells. there are many possible causes for anemia, including inadequate numbers of RBCS, a decreased amount of Hb, and abnormally shaped Hb.

A

insufficient oxygen

63
Q

the heme portion of a Hb molecule contains an atom of … to which a molecule of oxygen can bind

A

iron

64
Q

if adequate iron is not available, the body cannot …, resulting in the condition …

A

manufacture Hb; iron-deficiency anemia

65
Q

… results from the failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate RBC numbers

A

aplastic anemia

66
Q

… is an inherited condition in which the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules folds incorrectly when oxygen levels are low. as a result, oxygen molecules cannot bind to the misshapen Hb, the RBCs develop a …, and anemia results

A

sickle cell anemia;

sickle shape

67
Q

polycythemia refers to an increase in …, resulting in a higher than normal hematocrit

A

RBCs

68
Q

there are many possible causes of polycythemia, including living at …, … athletic training, and … in the bone marrow

A

high altitudes; strenuous; tumors

69
Q

to complete the blood test to measure hematocrit, you must seal the blood-containing capillary tubes on one end with a … so that the blood sample can be centrifuged without having the blood spray out of the tube

A

clay material

70
Q

the ESR is neither very specific nor diagnostic, but it can be used to follow the progression of certain diseases, including …, some …, and … diseases, such as …
when the disease worsens, the ESR … and the opposite is also true

A

sickle cell anemia; cancers; inflammatory; rheumatoid arthritis;
increases

71
Q

the ESR can be elevated in …, and … sometimes develop anemia and show an increase in ESR

A

iron-deficiency anemia; menstruating females

72
Q

THe ESR can also be used to evaluate a patient with chest pains b the ESR is elevated in established … but normal in …

A

myocardial infarction; angina pectoris

73
Q

ESR can be useful in screening a female patient with severe abdominal pains because the ESR is not elevated within the first 24 hrs of … but is elevated in the early stage of acute … or ….

A

acute appendicitis;
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID);
ruptured ectopic pregnancy

74
Q

to properly measure the ESR, you need a …

A

1 hr timer

75
Q

Sickle cell anemia brings the sedimentation rate down to … This is likely due to the abnormal shape of the blood cells in individuals with sickle cell, such that they cannot stack normally.

A

0 mm/hr.

76
Q

a person can have anemia with a normal red blood cell count if there is … in the RBC

A

inadequate Hb

77
Q

normal blood contains an average of … - … grams of Hb per 100 mL of blood

A

12; 18

78
Q

a healthy male has …-… g/100 ml and a healthy female has …-… g/100 ml of Hb

A

13/5; 18;

12; 16

79
Q

hemoglobin levels increase in patients with …, …., and …

A

polycythemia; congestive heart failure; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

80
Q

hemoglobin levels also increase when dwelling at

A

high altitudes

81
Q

hemoglobin levels decrease in patients with …, …, … of the liver, …., …., and severe …

A 
anemia; 
hyperthyroidism; 
cirrhosis; 
renal disease; 
systemic lupus erythematosus; 
hemorrhage
82
Q

the Hb level of a blood sample is determined by stirring the blood with a wooden stick to …, or …, the RBCs

A

rupture; lyse

83
Q

the … of the hemolyzed blood reflects the amount of Hb present. a … transmits green light through the hemolyzed blood sample and then compares the amount of light that passes through the sample to … to determine the hemoglobin content of the sample

A

color intensity;
hemoglobinometer;
standard color intensities

84
Q

a female olympic athlete would have … levels of Hb compared to a healthy female

A

higher

85
Q

if a blood transfusion recipient has antibodies (called …) that react with the antigens present on the transfused cells, the RBCs will become clumped together, or agglutinated, and then lysed, resulting in a potentially life-threatening blood transfusion rxn.

A

agglutinins

86
Q

although many different antigens are present on RBC membranes, the … and … cause the most vigorous and potentially fatal transfusion reactiosn

A

ABO; Rh antigens

87
Q

a person with type A blood can have … for the type A antigen or … for the type A antigen and one allele for the … of either the type A or type B antigen;

A

two alleles;
one allele;
absence

88
Q

a person with type B blood can have … for the type B antigen or one allele for the … and one allele for the … of either the type A or type B antigen;

A

2 alleles;
type B antigen;
absence

89
Q

A person with type AB blood ha one allele for the … antigen and one allele for the … antigen

A

type A; type B;

90
Q

A person with type O blood has two … alleles and has neither the … nor … antigen

A

recessive; type A; type B

91
Q

antibodies against the A and B antigens are found … in the blood plasma

A

preformed

92
Q

A person has antibodies only for the antigens …, so a person with type A blood will have … antibodies

A

not on his/her RBCs;

anti-B

93
Q

the Rh factor is another genetically determined protein that can be present on RBC membranes. approximately 85% of the population is RH … and their RBCs have this protein on their surface.

A

positive

94
Q

antibodies against the Rh factor are not found preformed in the plasma. they are produced by an … individual only after exposure to blood cells from someone who is …

A

Rh-; Rh+

95
Q

such Rh exposure can occur during pregnancy when … blood cells from the baby cross the placenta and expose the mother to the antigen

A

Rh+

96
Q

to determine an individual’s blood type, drops of the individual’s blood sample are mixed separately with … containing … to either type A antigens, type B antigens, or Rh antigens. an agglutination reaction (showing clumping) indicates the presence of the …

A

antiserum; antibodies;

agglutinogen

97
Q

individuals with AB+ blood type are …

A

universal recipients

98
Q

AB+ are universal recipients bc they have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain … against A, B, or Rh antigens

A

antibodies

99
Q

the universal donor is

A

O-

100
Q

rarest blood type is

A

AB-

101
Q

When transfusing an individual with blood that is compatible but not the same type, it is important to separate packed cells from the plasma and administer only the packed cells. Why do you think this is done
This is done to prevent…, because the plasma contains the antibodies that would destroy the individual’s RBCs.

A

hemolysis

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions