Lab 2 PhysioEx Notes Contd. Flashcards
the … is a device that measures the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs over a specified period of time
spirometer
with emphysema, there is a significant loss of … in the lung tissue, which occurs as the disease destroys the …
elastic recoil; walls of the alveoli
in emphysema, … is also increased as the ling tissue in general becomes more flimsy and exerts less anchoring on the surrounding airways. thus, the lung becomes overly … and … easily
airway resistant; compliant; expands
in emphysema, a great effort is required to expire bc the lungs can no longer … and …
each expiration requires a noticeable and exhausting muscular effort, and a person with emphysema expires slowly
passively recoil; deflate
during an acute asthma attack, … and, thus, the airways become constricted (that is, reduced in diameter)
bronchiole smooth muscle spasms
during an acute asthma attack, bronchioles also become clogged with … secretions, leading to significantly increased airway resistance
thick mucus
(asthma) underlying these symptoms is an airway … response brought on by triggers such as … (for example, dust and pollen), extreme … changes, and even …
inflammatory;
allergens;
temperature;
exercise
(asthma) like with emphysema, the airways … and pinch closed before a forced expiration is completed. thus, the volumes and peak flow rates are significantly … during an asthma attack. Unlike with emphysema, the … is not diminished in an acute asthma attack
collapse; reduced; elastic recoil
(asthma) when an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek to relieve symptoms with an inhaler, which atomizes the medication and allows for direct application onto the afflicted airways. usually, the medication includes a … (for example, a … agonist or an … antagonist) that relieves the bronchospasms and induces bronchiole …
smooth muscle relaxant;
ß2;
acetylcholine;
dilation
(asthma) the medication can also contain an … agent, such as a …., that suppresses the inflammatory response. the use of the inhaler reduces …
anti-inflammatory;
corticosteroid;
airway resistance
during moderate aerobic exercise, the human body has an increased …, which is met, in part, by changes in respiration
metabolic demand
during moderate exercise, both the … of breathing and the … increase. these two respiratory variables do not increase by the same amount
rate; tidal volume
(exercise) the increase in the … is greater than the increase in the … for moderate exercise
tidal volume; rate of breathing
(exercise) during heavy exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme metabolic demands of the body. in this case both the rate of breathing and the tidal volume increase to their …
max tolerable limits
a normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around …
500 mL
which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema? …
expiration
during an asthma attack … and … are impaired
inspiration; expiration
during moderate aerobic exercise, which respiratory variable increases the most? …
tidal volume
when obstructive lung disease develops, what happens to the FEV1 (%). it …
decreases
which of the following respiratory values represents a decreased flow rate during the obstructive lung diseases? …
FEV1
**know how to calculate ERV and FVC
what is the largest volume for the normal patient? …
IRV
what happened to the RV for the emphysema patient and the asthmatic patient? it … for both patients
increased
In the patient emphysema, … decreased, … decreased, …. increased, …. decreased, …. decreased, and …. decreased. Patients with emphysema experience a decrease in elastic recoil in lung tissue, and airway resistance increases. Thus, it’s more difficult for patients to forcibly inhale more air, and exhalation is also much more difficult because the lungs cannot adequately recoil. As a result, ERV and IRV decrease. RV increases because ineffective exhalation indicates that more air will be left in the lungs. FEV1 and FEV1 (%) also decrease for similar reasons.
ERV; IRV; RV: FVC: FEV; FEV1(%)
Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1?
FEV1
What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an acute asthma attack was selected?
…. and … decreased, … increased, … decreased, and … and … decreased. This is again due to the increase in resistance experienced by those who are asthmatic, which is why this trend is so similar to what was observed for the patient with emphysema.
ERV; IRV; RV; FVC; FEV1; FEV1(%)
The inhaler for the asthmatic returned every value to normal except for the …, …., …., and …. IRV was … than normal still, RV was …., FVC was … and FEV1 was also …. Perhaps not all of the values returned to normal because the medication did not fully dilate all of the bronchioles.
IRV; RV; FVC; FEV1; lower; higher; lower; lower;
With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV or the IRV? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
IRV changed more
at any gas-liquid boundary, the molecules of the liquid are attracted more strongly to each other than they are to the gas molecules. this unequal attraction produces tension at the liquid surface called …
surface tension
bc surface tension resists any force that tends to increase surface area of the gas-liquid boundary, it acts to … the size of hollow spaces, such as the …, or microscopic air spaces within the lungs
increase; alveoli
if the film lining the air spaces in the lung were pure water, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to inflate the lungs. however, the aqueous film covering the alveolar surfaces contains …, a detergent-like mixture of lipids and proteins that decrease surface tension by reducing the attraction of water molecules to each other
surfactant
between breaths, the pressure in the pleural cavity, the …, is less than the pressure in the alveoli. two forces cause this negative pressure condition:
(1) the tendency of the lung to … because of its … properties and the … of the alveolar fluid
(2) the tendency of the compressed … to recoil and expand outward.
these two forces pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall, creating a partial … in the pleural cavity
intrapleural pressure;
recoil; elastic; surface tension;
chest wall;
vacuum
because the pressure in the intrapleural space is lower than atmospheric pressure, any opening created in the pleural membranes equalizes the intrapleural pressure with atmospheric pressure by allowing air to enter the pleural cavity, a condition called …
pneumothorax
a pneumothorax can then lead to lung collapse, a condition called …
atelectasis
just before an inspiration begins, the pressure within the intrapleural cavity is …. than the pressure within the alveoli
less
… often have difficulty breathing because the amount of surfactant in their lungs is too low
premature infants
…. simulated pneumothorax
opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar
the best way to rapidly reinflate a person’s collapsed lung is to … out of the intrapleural space to recreate …
pump air; negative pressure (e.g. chest tube)
… refers to the percentage of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, in a sample of whole blood
hematocrit
a hematocrit of 48 means that …% of the volume of blood consists of RBCs
48
RBCs transport … to the cells of the body. therefore, the higher the hematocrit, the more RBCs are present in the blood and the greater the … of the blood
oxygen;
oxygen-carrying potential
males usually have higher hematocrit levels than females because males have higher levels of …
testosterone
in addition to promoting the male sex characteristics, testosterone is responsible for stimulating the release of … from the kidneys, a hormone that stimulates the synthesis of RBCs
erythropoetin
the … measures the settling of RBCs in a vertical, stationary tube of blood during one hour
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
in a healthy individual, RBCS … very much in an hour
do not settle
in some disease conditions, increased production of… and …. cause the RBCs to clump together, stack up and form a column (called a …)
fibrinogen; immunoglobulins;
rouleaux formation
RBCs in a rouleaux formation are … and settle faster, (that is, they display an increase in the …)
heavier; sedimentation rate
… a protein found in RBCs, is necessary for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. … polypeptide chains of amino acids comprise the globin part of the molecule
hemoglobin;
four
each polypeptide of Hb has a … unit - a group of atoms that includes an atom of iron to which a molecule of oxygen binds. each polypeptide chain, if it folds correctly, can bind a …
heme;
a molecule of oxygen
each Hb molecule can carry … molecules of oxygen
4
oxygen combined with hemoglobin forms …, which has a bright red color
oxyhemoglobin
all of the cells in the human body, including RBCs, are surrounded by a plasma membrane that contains genetically determined glycoproteins, called …
antigens
on RBC membranes, there are certain antigens, called …, that determine a person’s blood type. Blood typing is used to identify the … which are determined by the presence or absence of two antigens: … and …
agglutinogens;
ABO blood groups;
type A; type B
because these antigens are genetically determined, a person has … (…) of the gene for these antigens, one copy from each parent
two copies; alleles
… is a lipid substance that is essential for life - it is an important component of all cell membranes and is the base molecule of …, …, and …
cholesterol;
steroid hormones;
vitamin D;
bile salt
cholesterol is produced in the human … and is present in some foods of animal origin, such as …, …, and …
liver;
milk;
meat;
eggs
because cholesterol is a hydrophobic lipid, it needs to be wrapped in protein packages, called …, to travel in the blood (which is mostly water) from the liver and digestive organs to the cells of the body
lipoproteins
hematocrit values are determined by spinning a microcapillary tube filled with a sample of whole blood in a special …
this procedure separates the blood cells from the blood plasma. a … layer of white blood cells appears as a thin, white layer between the heavier RBC layer and the lighter, yellow …
microhematocrit centrifuge;
buffy coat;
plasma
the hematocrit is determined after centrifuging by measuring the … of the RBC layer and dividing that by the … of the total blood sample
height; height
the avg hematocrit for males is ..-…% and the avg hematocrit for females is …-…%
42; 52;
37; 47
a lower than normal hematocrit indicates … and a higher than normal hematocrit indicates …
anemia;
polycythemia
anemia is a condition in which … is transported to the body’s cells. there are many possible causes for anemia, including inadequate numbers of RBCS, a decreased amount of Hb, and abnormally shaped Hb.
insufficient oxygen
the heme portion of a Hb molecule contains an atom of … to which a molecule of oxygen can bind
iron
if adequate iron is not available, the body cannot …, resulting in the condition …
manufacture Hb; iron-deficiency anemia
… results from the failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate RBC numbers
aplastic anemia
… is an inherited condition in which the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules folds incorrectly when oxygen levels are low. as a result, oxygen molecules cannot bind to the misshapen Hb, the RBCs develop a …, and anemia results
sickle cell anemia;
sickle shape
polycythemia refers to an increase in …, resulting in a higher than normal hematocrit
RBCs
there are many possible causes of polycythemia, including living at …, … athletic training, and … in the bone marrow
high altitudes; strenuous; tumors
to complete the blood test to measure hematocrit, you must seal the blood-containing capillary tubes on one end with a … so that the blood sample can be centrifuged without having the blood spray out of the tube
clay material
the ESR is neither very specific nor diagnostic, but it can be used to follow the progression of certain diseases, including …, some …, and … diseases, such as …
when the disease worsens, the ESR … and the opposite is also true
sickle cell anemia; cancers; inflammatory; rheumatoid arthritis;
increases
the ESR can be elevated in …, and … sometimes develop anemia and show an increase in ESR
iron-deficiency anemia; menstruating females
THe ESR can also be used to evaluate a patient with chest pains b the ESR is elevated in established … but normal in …
myocardial infarction; angina pectoris
ESR can be useful in screening a female patient with severe abdominal pains because the ESR is not elevated within the first 24 hrs of … but is elevated in the early stage of acute … or ….
acute appendicitis;
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID);
ruptured ectopic pregnancy
to properly measure the ESR, you need a …
1 hr timer
Sickle cell anemia brings the sedimentation rate down to … This is likely due to the abnormal shape of the blood cells in individuals with sickle cell, such that they cannot stack normally.
0 mm/hr.
a person can have anemia with a normal red blood cell count if there is … in the RBC
inadequate Hb
normal blood contains an average of … - … grams of Hb per 100 mL of blood
12; 18
a healthy male has …-… g/100 ml and a healthy female has …-… g/100 ml of Hb
13/5; 18;
12; 16
hemoglobin levels increase in patients with …, …., and …
polycythemia; congestive heart failure; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
hemoglobin levels also increase when dwelling at
high altitudes
hemoglobin levels decrease in patients with …, …, … of the liver, …., …., and severe …
anemia; hyperthyroidism; cirrhosis; renal disease; systemic lupus erythematosus; hemorrhage
the Hb level of a blood sample is determined by stirring the blood with a wooden stick to …, or …, the RBCs
rupture; lyse
the … of the hemolyzed blood reflects the amount of Hb present. a … transmits green light through the hemolyzed blood sample and then compares the amount of light that passes through the sample to … to determine the hemoglobin content of the sample
color intensity;
hemoglobinometer;
standard color intensities
a female olympic athlete would have … levels of Hb compared to a healthy female
higher
if a blood transfusion recipient has antibodies (called …) that react with the antigens present on the transfused cells, the RBCs will become clumped together, or agglutinated, and then lysed, resulting in a potentially life-threatening blood transfusion rxn.
agglutinins
although many different antigens are present on RBC membranes, the … and … cause the most vigorous and potentially fatal transfusion reactiosn
ABO; Rh antigens
a person with type A blood can have … for the type A antigen or … for the type A antigen and one allele for the … of either the type A or type B antigen;
two alleles;
one allele;
absence
a person with type B blood can have … for the type B antigen or one allele for the … and one allele for the … of either the type A or type B antigen;
2 alleles;
type B antigen;
absence
A person with type AB blood ha one allele for the … antigen and one allele for the … antigen
type A; type B;
A person with type O blood has two … alleles and has neither the … nor … antigen
recessive; type A; type B
antibodies against the A and B antigens are found … in the blood plasma
preformed
A person has antibodies only for the antigens …, so a person with type A blood will have … antibodies
not on his/her RBCs;
anti-B
the Rh factor is another genetically determined protein that can be present on RBC membranes. approximately 85% of the population is RH … and their RBCs have this protein on their surface.
positive
antibodies against the Rh factor are not found preformed in the plasma. they are produced by an … individual only after exposure to blood cells from someone who is …
Rh-; Rh+
such Rh exposure can occur during pregnancy when … blood cells from the baby cross the placenta and expose the mother to the antigen
Rh+
to determine an individual’s blood type, drops of the individual’s blood sample are mixed separately with … containing … to either type A antigens, type B antigens, or Rh antigens. an agglutination reaction (showing clumping) indicates the presence of the …
antiserum; antibodies;
agglutinogen
individuals with AB+ blood type are …
universal recipients
AB+ are universal recipients bc they have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain … against A, B, or Rh antigens
antibodies
the universal donor is
O-
rarest blood type is
AB-
When transfusing an individual with blood that is compatible but not the same type, it is important to separate packed cells from the plasma and administer only the packed cells. Why do you think this is done
This is done to prevent…, because the plasma contains the antibodies that would destroy the individual’s RBCs.
hemolysis
