Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Ch. 16 Part B PPT Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Part B PPT Notes Flashcards

1
Q

(thyroid gland) two lateral lobes connected by median mass called …
composed of follicles that produce glycoprotein ….

A

isthmus;

thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(thyroid gland) … (… + …) fills lumen of follicles and is precursor of .. hormone

A

colloid;
thyroglobulin + iodine;
thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(thyroid gland) … cells produce the hormone …

A

parafollicular;

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(thyroid hormone-TH) actually two related compunds:
… (…); has 2 tyrosine molecules + 4 bound iodine atoms
… (…); has 2 tyrosines + 3 bound iodine atoms
affects virtually every cell in body

A

T4; thyroxine;

T3; triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(thyroid hormone-TH)
major … hormone
increases … and … production (… effect)

A

metabolic;
metabolic rate;
heat production; calorigenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
(thyroid hormone-TH) 
regulation of tissue growth and development: 
development of ... and ... systems 
... capabilities 
maintenance of ...
A

skeletal; nervous;
reproductive;
blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(synthesis of thyroid hormone) thyroid gland stores hormone …
… synthesized and discharged into follicle lumen
… actively taken into cell and released into lumen

A

extracellularly;
thyroglobulin;
iodides (I-);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(synthesis of thyroid hormone) iodide oxidized to …, which then attaches to …, mediated by … enzymes

A

iodine (I2);
tyrosine;
peroxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(synthesis of thyroid hormone) iodinated tyrosines link together to form … and …
colloid is … and combined with …
T3 and T4 are … and diffuse into bloodstream

A

T3; T4;
endocytosed;
lysosome;
cleaved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(synthesis of thyroid hormone)

  1. thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the …
  2. iodide is trapped (… transported in)
  3. iodide is oxidized to iodine through … enzyme
  4. iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming … and …
A

follicle lumen;
actively;
thyroid peroxidase
DIT; MIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(synthesis of thyroid hormone)

  1. … are linked together to form T3 and T4
  2. thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a …
  3. … enzymes cleave T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin and hormones diffuse into bloodstream
A

iodinated tyrosines;
lysosome;
lysosomal;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(synthesis of thyroid hormone) … is a protein that facilitates transport of thyroid hormone to appropriate tissues

A

thyroxine-binding globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(transport and regulation of TH) T4 and T3 transported by … (TBGs)
both bind to target receptors, but … is ten times more active
peripheral tissues convert … to …

A

thyroxine-binding globulins;
T3;
T4; T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(transport and regulation of TH) negative feedback regulation of TH release:
rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on release of …
hypothalamic … can overcome negative feedback during … or exposure to …

A

TSH;
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH);
pregnancy; cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of TH) hyposecretion in adults–…; … if due to lack of iodine
hyposecretion in infants- …
hypersecretion- … disease

A

myxedema; goiter;
cretinism;
Graves’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of TH)

graves is …. the immune system also attacks … and scar tissue pushes the eyes out

A

autoimmune;

eye muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(calcitonin) produced by … cells
no known physiological role in hormones
antagonist to …

A

parafollicular (C) cells;

parathyroid hormone; PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(calcitonin) at higher than normal doses:
inhibits … activity and release of … from bone matrix
stimulates … and incorporation into …

A

osteoclast;
Calcium;
Calcium uptake;
bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(parathyroid glands) … to … tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

A

four; eight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(parathyroid glands) contain … cells (function unknown) and … cells that secrete … or …

A

oxyphil;
parathyroid;
parathyroid hormone (PTH); parathormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(parathyroid glands) PTH- most important hormone in

A

calcium homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(parathyroid hormone) functions:

1. stimulates osteoclasts to … and release … to blood

A

digest bone matrix; calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(parathyroid hormone) functions:

2. enhances … and secretion of … by kidneys

A

reabsorption of Ca2_;

phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

(parathyroid hormone) functions:
3. promotes activation of … (by kidneys); increases absorption of calcium by …
negative feedback control: rising … in blood inhibits PTH release

A

vitamin D;
intestinal mucosa;
Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

(parathyroid hormone) … (low blood calcium) stimulates PTH release from parathyroid gland which increases osteoclast activity in bone and thus causes … and … release into blood
also increases calcium reabsorption in kidney tissue and increased activation of vit D by kidney which leads to increased calcium absorption from … in …

A

hypocalcemia;
Ca2+; PO43-;
food; small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of PTH)
hyperparathyroidism due to …:
bones … and …
elevated calcium depresses … system and contributes to formation of …

A

tumor;
soften; deform;
nervous;
kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of PTH)
hypoparathyroidism following gland … or … or dietary … deficiency:
results in …, …, and …

A

trauma; removal; magnesium;

tetany; respiratory paralysis; death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

…: paired, pyramid shaped organs atop kidneys

A

(adrenal/suprarenal glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

(adrenal/suprarenal glands)
structurally and functionally are two glands in one
…- nervous tissue; part of sympathetic NS
…- three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids

A

adrenal medulla;

adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(adrenal cortex) three layers of cortex produce the different corticosteroid:

  1. zona … - …
  2. zona … - …
  3. zona … - …
A

glomerulosa; mineralocorticoids;
fasciculata; glucocorticoids;
reticularis; gonadocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(adrenal cortex) zona glomerulosa- … layer produces mineralocorticoids- hormones that help control balance of … and … in the blood

A

superficial;

minerals; h2o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

(adrenal cortex) zona fasciculata- … layer: mainly produces the … hormones- …

A

middle
metabolic;
glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

(adrenal cortex) zona reticularis- the … layer- produce small amounts of adrenal … hormones or …

A

innermost;
sex;
gonadocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

(mineralocorticoids) regulate … (primarily … and …) in ECF (extracellular fluid)

A

electrolytes;

Na+; K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

(mineralocorticoids) importance of sodium: affects ECF …, …., …, levels of other …

A

volume;
blood volume;
blood pressure;
ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

(mineralocorticoids) importance of K+: sets … of cells

A

RMP (resting membrane potential)

37
Q

(mineralocorticoids) … most potent mineralocorticoid:

stimulates … and … by kidneys; elimination of …

A

aldosterone;
sodium reabsorption;
water retention;
K+;

38
Q

(aldosterone) release triggered by … and …

rising blood levels of …

A

decreasing blood volume and blood pressure;

K+

39
Q

(Homeostatic imbalances of aldosterone) …- hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors:
… and … due to excessive Na+
excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of … and …

A

aldosteronism;
hypertension; edema;
neurons; muscle

40
Q

(glucocorticoids) keep blood glucose levels relatively …

maintain … by increasing action of …

A

constant;
blood pressure;
vasoconstrictors

41
Q

(glucocorticoids)
… (…)– only one in significant amounts in humans
…
…

A

cortisol; hydrocortisone
cortisone;
corticosterone

42
Q

(glucocorticoids)
Cortisol:
released in response …, patterns of … and …, and …

A

ACTH;
eating;
activity;
stress

43
Q

(glucocorticoids)
Cortisol:
prime metabolic effect is … - formation of glucose from … and …

A

gluconeogenesis;

fats; proteins

44
Q

(glucocorticoids)
cortisol:
through gluconeogenesis promotes rise in …, …, and …
Saves glucose for the …

A

blood glucose;
fatty acids;
amino acids;
brain

45
Q

(glucocorticoids) cortisol

enhances … - rise in blood pressure to quickly … to cells

A

vasoconstriction;

distribute nutrients

46
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hypersecretion - … syndrome/disease:
depresses … and … formation
inhibits …

A

cushing’s;
cartilage;
bone;
inflammation

47
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hypersecretion-cushing’s;
depresses …
disrupts …, …, and … function

A

immune system;

cardiovascular; neural; gastrointestinal

48
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids)
hyposecretion- … disease
also involves deficits in …
decrease in … and … levels

A

addison’s;
mineralocorticoids;
glucose; Na+

49
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids)
hyposecretion- addison’s:
…, severe …, and …

A

weight loss;
dehydration;
hypotension

50
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) characteristic of cushing’s syndrome is … of fat on upper back

A

buffalo hump

51
Q

(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) most weak … (… hormones) converted to … in tissue cells, some to …

A

androgens; male sex;
testosterone;
estrogens

52
Q 
(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) may contribute to: 
onset of ... 
appearance of ... 
... in women 
... in postmenopausal women
A

puberty;
secondary sex characteristics;
sex drive;
estrogens

53
Q

(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones)
hypersecretion:
… syndrome (…)
not noticeable in …

A

adrenogenital syndrome; masculanization;

adult males

54
Q

(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones)
hypersecretion:
females and prepubertal males:
boys- reproductive organs mature; secondary sex characteristics ….
females -…, masculine pattern of …; clitoris resembles …

A

emerge early;
beard;
body hair;
small penis

55
Q

(adrenal medulla) … cells synthesize … (80%) and … (20%)

A

medullary chromaffin;
epinephrine;
norepinephrine

56
Q 
(adrenal medulla) 
effects: 
... 
increased ... 
increased ... levels 
blood diverted to ..., ..., and ...
A

vasoconstriction;
heart rate;
blood glucose;
brain; heart; skeletal muscle

57
Q

(adrenal medulla)
responses brief:
epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities, .., and blood flow to … and …
norepinephrine influences … and …

A

bronchial dilation;
skeletal muscles; heart;
peripheral vasoconstriction;
blood pressure

58
Q 
(adrenal medulla) 
hypersecretion: 
... 
increased ... 
rapid ... and ... 
... 
intense ... 
...
A 
hyperglycemia; 
metabolic rate; 
heartbeat; palpitations; 
hypertension; 
nervousness; 
sweating
59
Q

(adrenal medulla) hyposecretion:
not …
adrenal … not essential to life

A

problematic;

catecholamines

60
Q

(pineal gland) small gland hanging from roof of …

… secrete …, derived from …

A

third ventricle;

pinealocytes; melatonin; serotonin

61
Q

(pineal gland) melatonin may affect:
timing of … and …
… cycles

A

sexual maturation; puberty;

day/night;

62
Q

(pineal gland)
melatonin may affect:
physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (…, …, …)
production of … and … molecules in cells

A

body temperature; sleep; appetite;

antioxidant; detoxification

63
Q

(pancreas) triangular gland partially behind stomach

has both … and … cells

A

exocrine; endocrine

64
Q

(pancreas) … cells (exocrine) produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion
… (…) contain endocrine cells

A

acinar;

pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans

65
Q

(pancreas) in islets:
… cells produce … (hyperglycemic hormone)
… cells produce … (hypoglycemic hormone)

A

alpha; glucagon;

beta; insulin

66
Q

(glucagon) major target- …

causes …

A

liver;

increased blood glucose levels

67
Q

(glucagon) effects:
… - breakdown of glycogen to glucose
… - synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbs
release of … to blood

A

glycogenolysis;
gluconeogenesis;
glucose

68
Q

(insulin) effects of insulin:
… blood glucose levels
enhances membrane transport of glucose into … and … cells

A

lowers;

fats; muscle

69
Q

(insulin) effects of insulin:
inhibits … and …
participates in … development and … and …

A

glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis;
neuronal;
learning; memory

70
Q

(insulin) non needed for glucose uptake in …, …, or …

A

liver; kidney; brain

71
Q

(insulin) action on cells:
activates … receptor
cascade –> increased …

A

tyrosine kinase enzyme;

glucose uptake

72
Q

(insulin) action on cells:
triggers enzymes to:
catalyze … of glucose for … production - first priority
polymerize glucose to form …
convert glucose to … (particularly in … tissue)

A

oxidation; ATP;
glycogen;
fat;
adipose

73
Q

normal blood glucose level (about … mg/… mL)

A

90; 100

74
Q

(factors that influence insulin release)
elevated … levels - primary stimulus
rising blood levels of … and …

A

blood glucose;

amino acids; fatty acids

75
Q

(factors that influence insulin release) release of …by parasympathetic nerve fibers
…; … nervous system

A

acetylcholine;

somatostatin; sympathetic

76
Q

(factors that influence insulin release) hormones …, …, …, …, …

A

glucagon; epinephrine; growth hormone; thyroxine; glucocorticoids

77
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM):

due to … (type …) or … (type …) of insulin

A

hyposecretion; 1;

hypoactivity; 2

78
Q 
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) 
diabetes mellitus (DM): 
blood glucose levels remain high --> nausea --> higher blood glucose levels due to ... response

…- glucose spilled into urine

A

fight or flight;

glycosuria

79
Q 
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) 
diabetes mellitus (DM): 
fats used for cellular fuel --> ...; if severe --> ... (...) from fatty acid metabolism --> ... and ...
A

lipidemia;
ketones; ketone bodies;
ketonuria; ketoacidosis

80
Q 
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin)
diabetes mellitus (DM): 
untreated ketoacidosis--> ...; disrupted ... activity and ... transport; depression of nervous system --> ... and ... possible
A

hyperpnea;
heart;
O2;
coma; death

81
Q

(diabetes mellitus: signs) three cardinal signs of DM:
…- huge urine output –> glucose acts as …
…- excessive thirst –> from water loss due to …
…-excessive hunger and food consumption –> bc cells cannot take up glucose; are “starving”

A

polyuria; osmotic diuretic;
polydipsia; polyuria;
polyphagia;

82
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of insulin)
…: excessive insulin secretion
causes … –> low blood glucose levels

A

hyperinsulinism;

hypoglycemia

83
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of insulin)
hypoglycemia leads to …, …, …, …, even …
treated by sugar ingestion

A 
anxiety; 
nervousness; 
disorientation; 
unconsciousness;' 
death
84
Q

(ovaries and placenta) gonads produce … hormones – same as those of adrenal cortex

A

steroid sex

85
Q

(ovaries and placenta) ovaries produce … and …

A

estrogens; progesterone

86
Q

(ovaries and placenta) estrogen:
maturation of reproductive organs
appearance of … characteristics
with progesterone, causes … development and cyclic changes in …

A

secondary sexual;

breast; uterine mucosa

87
Q

(ovaries and placenta) placenta secretes …, …, and …

A

estrogens;
progesterone;
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

88
Q

(testes):
testes produce … –> initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
causes appearance of male … and ….
necessary for normal … production
maintains reproductive organs in functional state

A

testosterone;
secondary sexual characteristics;
sex drive;
sperm

89
Q

(other hormone-producing structures) adipose:
…. - appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
… - insulin antagonist
… - enhances sensitivity to insulin

A

leptin;
resistin;
adiponectin

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions