Ch. 16 Part B PPT Notes Flashcards
(thyroid gland) two lateral lobes connected by median mass called …
composed of follicles that produce glycoprotein ….
isthmus;
thyroglobulin
(thyroid gland) … (… + …) fills lumen of follicles and is precursor of .. hormone
colloid;
thyroglobulin + iodine;
thyroid
(thyroid gland) … cells produce the hormone …
parafollicular;
calcitonin
(thyroid hormone-TH) actually two related compunds:
… (…); has 2 tyrosine molecules + 4 bound iodine atoms
… (…); has 2 tyrosines + 3 bound iodine atoms
affects virtually every cell in body
T4; thyroxine;
T3; triiodothyronine
(thyroid hormone-TH)
major … hormone
increases … and … production (… effect)
metabolic;
metabolic rate;
heat production; calorigenic
(thyroid hormone-TH) regulation of tissue growth and development: development of ... and ... systems ... capabilities maintenance of ...
skeletal; nervous;
reproductive;
blood pressure
(synthesis of thyroid hormone) thyroid gland stores hormone …
… synthesized and discharged into follicle lumen
… actively taken into cell and released into lumen
extracellularly;
thyroglobulin;
iodides (I-);
(synthesis of thyroid hormone) iodide oxidized to …, which then attaches to …, mediated by … enzymes
iodine (I2);
tyrosine;
peroxidase
(synthesis of thyroid hormone) iodinated tyrosines link together to form … and …
colloid is … and combined with …
T3 and T4 are … and diffuse into bloodstream
T3; T4;
endocytosed;
lysosome;
cleaved
(synthesis of thyroid hormone)
- thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the …
- iodide is trapped (… transported in)
- iodide is oxidized to iodine through … enzyme
- iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming … and …
follicle lumen;
actively;
thyroid peroxidase
DIT; MIT
(synthesis of thyroid hormone)
- … are linked together to form T3 and T4
- thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a …
- … enzymes cleave T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin and hormones diffuse into bloodstream
iodinated tyrosines;
lysosome;
lysosomal;
(synthesis of thyroid hormone) … is a protein that facilitates transport of thyroid hormone to appropriate tissues
thyroxine-binding globulins
(transport and regulation of TH) T4 and T3 transported by … (TBGs)
both bind to target receptors, but … is ten times more active
peripheral tissues convert … to …
thyroxine-binding globulins;
T3;
T4; T3
(transport and regulation of TH) negative feedback regulation of TH release:
rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on release of …
hypothalamic … can overcome negative feedback during … or exposure to …
TSH;
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH);
pregnancy; cold
(homeostatic imbalances of TH) hyposecretion in adults–…; … if due to lack of iodine
hyposecretion in infants- …
hypersecretion- … disease
myxedema; goiter;
cretinism;
Graves’
(homeostatic imbalances of TH)
graves is …. the immune system also attacks … and scar tissue pushes the eyes out
autoimmune;
eye muscles
(calcitonin) produced by … cells
no known physiological role in hormones
antagonist to …
parafollicular (C) cells;
parathyroid hormone; PTH
(calcitonin) at higher than normal doses:
inhibits … activity and release of … from bone matrix
stimulates … and incorporation into …
osteoclast;
Calcium;
Calcium uptake;
bone matrix
(parathyroid glands) … to … tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid
four; eight
(parathyroid glands) contain … cells (function unknown) and … cells that secrete … or …
oxyphil;
parathyroid;
parathyroid hormone (PTH); parathormone
(parathyroid glands) PTH- most important hormone in
calcium homeostasis
(parathyroid hormone) functions:
1. stimulates osteoclasts to … and release … to blood
digest bone matrix; calcium
(parathyroid hormone) functions:
2. enhances … and secretion of … by kidneys
reabsorption of Ca2_;
phosphate
(parathyroid hormone) functions:
3. promotes activation of … (by kidneys); increases absorption of calcium by …
negative feedback control: rising … in blood inhibits PTH release
vitamin D;
intestinal mucosa;
Ca2+
(parathyroid hormone) … (low blood calcium) stimulates PTH release from parathyroid gland which increases osteoclast activity in bone and thus causes … and … release into blood
also increases calcium reabsorption in kidney tissue and increased activation of vit D by kidney which leads to increased calcium absorption from … in …
hypocalcemia;
Ca2+; PO43-;
food; small intestine
(homeostatic imbalances of PTH)
hyperparathyroidism due to …:
bones … and …
elevated calcium depresses … system and contributes to formation of …
tumor;
soften; deform;
nervous;
kidney stones
(homeostatic imbalances of PTH)
hypoparathyroidism following gland … or … or dietary … deficiency:
results in …, …, and …
trauma; removal; magnesium;
tetany; respiratory paralysis; death
…: paired, pyramid shaped organs atop kidneys
(adrenal/suprarenal glands)
(adrenal/suprarenal glands)
structurally and functionally are two glands in one
…- nervous tissue; part of sympathetic NS
…- three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids
adrenal medulla;
adrenal cortex
(adrenal cortex) three layers of cortex produce the different corticosteroid:
- zona … - …
- zona … - …
- zona … - …
glomerulosa; mineralocorticoids;
fasciculata; glucocorticoids;
reticularis; gonadocorticoids
(adrenal cortex) zona glomerulosa- … layer produces mineralocorticoids- hormones that help control balance of … and … in the blood
superficial;
minerals; h2o
(adrenal cortex) zona fasciculata- … layer: mainly produces the … hormones- …
middle
metabolic;
glucocorticoids
(adrenal cortex) zona reticularis- the … layer- produce small amounts of adrenal … hormones or …
innermost;
sex;
gonadocorticoids
(mineralocorticoids) regulate … (primarily … and …) in ECF (extracellular fluid)
electrolytes;
Na+; K+
(mineralocorticoids) importance of sodium: affects ECF …, …., …, levels of other …
volume;
blood volume;
blood pressure;
ions
(mineralocorticoids) importance of K+: sets … of cells
RMP (resting membrane potential)
(mineralocorticoids) … most potent mineralocorticoid:
stimulates … and … by kidneys; elimination of …
aldosterone;
sodium reabsorption;
water retention;
K+;
(aldosterone) release triggered by … and …
rising blood levels of …
decreasing blood volume and blood pressure;
K+
(Homeostatic imbalances of aldosterone) …- hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors:
… and … due to excessive Na+
excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of … and …
aldosteronism;
hypertension; edema;
neurons; muscle
(glucocorticoids) keep blood glucose levels relatively …
maintain … by increasing action of …
constant;
blood pressure;
vasoconstrictors
(glucocorticoids)
… (…)– only one in significant amounts in humans
…
…
cortisol; hydrocortisone
cortisone;
corticosterone
(glucocorticoids)
Cortisol:
released in response …, patterns of … and …, and …
ACTH;
eating;
activity;
stress
(glucocorticoids)
Cortisol:
prime metabolic effect is … - formation of glucose from … and …
gluconeogenesis;
fats; proteins
(glucocorticoids)
cortisol:
through gluconeogenesis promotes rise in …, …, and …
Saves glucose for the …
blood glucose;
fatty acids;
amino acids;
brain
(glucocorticoids) cortisol
enhances … - rise in blood pressure to quickly … to cells
vasoconstriction;
distribute nutrients
(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hypersecretion - … syndrome/disease:
depresses … and … formation
inhibits …
cushing’s;
cartilage;
bone;
inflammation
(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hypersecretion-cushing’s;
depresses …
disrupts …, …, and … function
immune system;
cardiovascular; neural; gastrointestinal
(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids)
hyposecretion- … disease
also involves deficits in …
decrease in … and … levels
addison’s;
mineralocorticoids;
glucose; Na+
(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids)
hyposecretion- addison’s:
…, severe …, and …
weight loss;
dehydration;
hypotension
(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) characteristic of cushing’s syndrome is … of fat on upper back
buffalo hump
(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) most weak … (… hormones) converted to … in tissue cells, some to …
androgens; male sex;
testosterone;
estrogens
(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) may contribute to: onset of ... appearance of ... ... in women ... in postmenopausal women
puberty;
secondary sex characteristics;
sex drive;
estrogens
(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones)
hypersecretion:
… syndrome (…)
not noticeable in …
adrenogenital syndrome; masculanization;
adult males
(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones)
hypersecretion:
females and prepubertal males:
boys- reproductive organs mature; secondary sex characteristics ….
females -…, masculine pattern of …; clitoris resembles …
emerge early;
beard;
body hair;
small penis
(adrenal medulla) … cells synthesize … (80%) and … (20%)
medullary chromaffin;
epinephrine;
norepinephrine
(adrenal medulla) effects: ... increased ... increased ... levels blood diverted to ..., ..., and ...
vasoconstriction;
heart rate;
blood glucose;
brain; heart; skeletal muscle
(adrenal medulla)
responses brief:
epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities, .., and blood flow to … and …
norepinephrine influences … and …
bronchial dilation;
skeletal muscles; heart;
peripheral vasoconstriction;
blood pressure
(adrenal medulla) hypersecretion: ... increased ... rapid ... and ... ... intense ... ...
hyperglycemia; metabolic rate; heartbeat; palpitations; hypertension; nervousness; sweating
(adrenal medulla) hyposecretion:
not …
adrenal … not essential to life
problematic;
catecholamines
(pineal gland) small gland hanging from roof of …
… secrete …, derived from …
third ventricle;
pinealocytes; melatonin; serotonin
(pineal gland) melatonin may affect:
timing of … and …
… cycles
sexual maturation; puberty;
day/night;
(pineal gland)
melatonin may affect:
physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (…, …, …)
production of … and … molecules in cells
body temperature; sleep; appetite;
antioxidant; detoxification
(pancreas) triangular gland partially behind stomach
has both … and … cells
exocrine; endocrine
(pancreas) … cells (exocrine) produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion
… (…) contain endocrine cells
acinar;
pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans
(pancreas) in islets:
… cells produce … (hyperglycemic hormone)
… cells produce … (hypoglycemic hormone)
alpha; glucagon;
beta; insulin
(glucagon) major target- …
causes …
liver;
increased blood glucose levels
(glucagon) effects:
… - breakdown of glycogen to glucose
… - synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbs
release of … to blood
glycogenolysis;
gluconeogenesis;
glucose
(insulin) effects of insulin:
… blood glucose levels
enhances membrane transport of glucose into … and … cells
lowers;
fats; muscle
(insulin) effects of insulin:
inhibits … and …
participates in … development and … and …
glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis;
neuronal;
learning; memory
(insulin) non needed for glucose uptake in …, …, or …
liver; kidney; brain
(insulin) action on cells:
activates … receptor
cascade –> increased …
tyrosine kinase enzyme;
glucose uptake
(insulin) action on cells:
triggers enzymes to:
catalyze … of glucose for … production - first priority
polymerize glucose to form …
convert glucose to … (particularly in … tissue)
oxidation; ATP;
glycogen;
fat;
adipose
normal blood glucose level (about … mg/… mL)
90; 100
(factors that influence insulin release)
elevated … levels - primary stimulus
rising blood levels of … and …
blood glucose;
amino acids; fatty acids
(factors that influence insulin release) release of …by parasympathetic nerve fibers
…; … nervous system
acetylcholine;
somatostatin; sympathetic
(factors that influence insulin release) hormones …, …, …, …, …
glucagon; epinephrine; growth hormone; thyroxine; glucocorticoids
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM):
due to … (type …) or … (type …) of insulin
hyposecretion; 1;
hypoactivity; 2
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM): blood glucose levels remain high --> nausea --> higher blood glucose levels due to ... response
…- glucose spilled into urine
fight or flight;
glycosuria
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM): fats used for cellular fuel --> ...; if severe --> ... (...) from fatty acid metabolism --> ... and ...
lipidemia;
ketones; ketone bodies;
ketonuria; ketoacidosis
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM): untreated ketoacidosis--> ...; disrupted ... activity and ... transport; depression of nervous system --> ... and ... possible
hyperpnea;
heart;
O2;
coma; death
(diabetes mellitus: signs) three cardinal signs of DM:
…- huge urine output –> glucose acts as …
…- excessive thirst –> from water loss due to …
…-excessive hunger and food consumption –> bc cells cannot take up glucose; are “starving”
polyuria; osmotic diuretic;
polydipsia; polyuria;
polyphagia;
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin)
…: excessive insulin secretion
causes … –> low blood glucose levels
hyperinsulinism;
hypoglycemia
(homeostatic imbalances of insulin)
hypoglycemia leads to …, …, …, …, even …
treated by sugar ingestion
anxiety; nervousness; disorientation; unconsciousness;' death
(ovaries and placenta) gonads produce … hormones – same as those of adrenal cortex
steroid sex
(ovaries and placenta) ovaries produce … and …
estrogens; progesterone
(ovaries and placenta) estrogen:
maturation of reproductive organs
appearance of … characteristics
with progesterone, causes … development and cyclic changes in …
secondary sexual;
breast; uterine mucosa
(ovaries and placenta) placenta secretes …, …, and …
estrogens;
progesterone;
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
(testes):
testes produce … –> initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
causes appearance of male … and ….
necessary for normal … production
maintains reproductive organs in functional state
testosterone;
secondary sexual characteristics;
sex drive;
sperm
(other hormone-producing structures) adipose:
…. - appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
… - insulin antagonist
… - enhances sensitivity to insulin
leptin;
resistin;
adiponectin
