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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 > Flashcards

Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 Flashcards

1
Q

…: resistance to disease

A

immunity

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2
Q

immune system:
two intrinsic systems
… (…) defense system
… (…) defense system

A

innate; nonspecific;

adaptive; specific

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3
Q

(immune system) … system rather than organ system

innate and adaptive defenses …

A

functional;

intertwined

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4
Q

(immune system) innate and adaptive release and recognize many of the same … molecules
innate defenses do have … pathways for certain substances
innate responses release … that alert cells of adaptive system to foreign molecules

A

defensive;
specific;
proteins

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5
Q

(immunity ) innate defense system has two lines of defense:

A. First - … (… and …)

A

external body membranes;

skin; mucosae

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6
Q

(immunity ) innate defense system has two lines of defense:
B. Second - … proteins, ..,. and other cells –>
inhibit spread of …
… most important mechanism

A

antimicrobial;
phagocytes;
invaders;
inflammation

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7
Q

(immunity ) adaptive defense system:
third line of defense attacks … foreign substances
… than innate system

A

particular;

takes longer to react

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8
Q

innate defenses - surface barriers:
…
…

A

skin;

mucous membranes

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9
Q 
innate defenses - internal defenses: 
... 
... cells 
... 
... proteins 
...
A 
phagocytes; 
natural killer; 
inflammation; 
antimicrobial; 
fever
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10
Q

adaptive defenses:
… immunity – … cells
… immunity – … cells

A

humoral; B;

cellular; T

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11
Q

(innate defenses) surface barriers ward off …

A

invading pathogens

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12
Q

(innate defenses) surface barriers ward off invading pathogens:
skin, mucous membranes, and their …
physical barrier to most microorganisms
keratin is resistant to … and …, …, and …
… provide similar mechanical barriers

A 
secretions; 
weak acids; bases; 
bacterial enzymes; 
toxins; 
mucosae
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13
Q

(surface barriers) protective chemicals inhibit/destroy microorganisms:
A. … of skin and secretions – … – inhibits …

A

acidity; acid mantle; growth

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14
Q

(surface barriers) B. Enzymes - … of saliva, …, and … fluid- kill many microorganisms

A

lysozyme;
respiratory mucus;
lacrimal

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15
Q

(surface barriers) C. … - antimicrobial peptides - inhibit …

A

defensins;

growth

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16
Q

(surface barriers) D. other chemicals - … in sebum, … in sweat - toxic

A

lipids;

dermcidin

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17
Q

(surface barriers) respiratory system modifications:
… in nose
… of upper respiratory tract sweep … and …-laden mucus toward mouth

A

mucus-coated hairs;

cilia; dust; bacteria

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18
Q

(surface barriers) surface barriers breached by … or … - second line of defense must protect deeper tissues

A

nicks; cuts

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19
Q 
(internal defenses- cells and chemicals) necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues: 
... 
... cells 
... proteins (.. and ... proteins) 
... 
... response
A 
phagocytes; 
natural killer; 
antimicrobial; interferons; complement; 
fever; 
inflammatory
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20
Q 
(internal defenses- cells and chemicals) inflammatory response consists of: 
... 
... cells 
... 
... chemicals
A

macrophages;
mast;
WBCs;
inflammatory

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21
Q

(phagocytes) … most abundant but .. fighting –> become … on exposure to infectious material

A

neutrophils;
die;
phagocytic

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22
Q

(phagocytes) … develop from … - chief phagocytic cells - robust cells

A

macrophages; monocytes

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23
Q

(phagocytes) macrophages:
free macrophages wander through … (e.g. … macrophages)
fixed macrophages … of some organs (e.g. …. cells (liver) and … (brain))

A

tissue spaces;
alveolar;
permanent residents;
Kupffer; microglia

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24
Q

(mechanism of phagocytosis) phagocyte must … to particle:
some microorganisms evade this with …
…marks pathogens- coating by … proteins or …

A

adhere;
capsule;
opsonization; complement; antibodies

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25
Q

(mechanism of phagocytosis) cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called …

A

phagosome

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26
Q

(mechanism of phagocytosis) phagosome fuses with … –> …

A

lysosome; phagolysosome

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27
Q

innate defenses –> … defenses

a macrophage uses its … to pull bacteria toward it

A

internal;

cytoplasmic extensions

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28
Q

Events of phagocytosis:

  1. phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris
  2. phagocyte forms … that eventually engulf the particles, forming a …
  3. … fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a …
  4. … digest the particles, leaving a residual body
  5. … of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material
A 
pseudopods; 
phagosome; 
lysosome; 
phagolysosome; 
lysosomal enzymes; 
exocytosis
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29
Q

(mechanism of phagocytosis) pathogens killed by … and … with lysosomal enzymes

A

acidifying; digesting

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30
Q

(mechanism of phagocytosis) several innate cells cause release of enzymes of …, which kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by:
A. releasing cell-killing …
B. producing … chemicals (e.g. H2O2) and …
C. increasing … and … of phagolysosome

A

respiratory burst;
free radicals;
oxidizing; hypochlorite (ClO-) bleach;
pH; osmolarity

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31
Q

(mechanism of phagocytosis) … (in neutrophils) pierce membrane

A

defensins

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32
Q

(natural killer cells) … large … lymphocytes

attack cells that lack “…” cell-surface receptors –> induce … in cancer cells and virus-infected cells

A

nonphagocytic; granular;
self;
apoptosis;

33
Q

(natural killer cells) secrete potent chemicals that

A

enhance inflammatory response

34
Q

(inflammatory response) 1. triggered whenever …

  1. prevents spread of damaging agents
  2. disposes of … and …
  3. alerts …
  4. sets the stage for repair
A

body tissues injured;
cell debris; pathogens;
adaptive immune system;

35
Q 
(inflammatory response) cardinal signs of acute inflammation: 
1. ... (...) 
2. ... (...) 
3. ... (...) 
4. ... (...) 
sometimes 5. ... of function
A 
redness; rubor; 
heat; calor; 
swelling; tumor; 
pain; dolar; 
impairment
36
Q

(inflammatory response) begins with chemicals released into ECF by …, …, …

A

injured tissues; immune cells; blood proteins

37
Q

(inflammatory response) macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues bear …

A

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

38
Q

(inflammatory response) … types of TLRs recognize specific classes of infecting microbes
activated TLRs trigger release of … that promote inflammation

A

11;

cytokines

39
Q

(inflammatory response) inflmmatory mediators:

…, …, and …

A

kinins; prostaglandins (PGs); complement

40
Q

(inflammatory response) inflammatory mediators:
A. … local arterioles (….) –> cause redness and heat of inflamed region
B. make capillaries …
C. many attract … to area
D. some have … roles

A

dilate; hyperemia;
leaky;
leukocytes;
inflammatory

41
Q

(inflammatory Response: Edema) increased capillary permeability –> … to tissues
fluid containing … and …
causes local swelling (…)

A

exudate;
clotting factors; antibodies;
edema

42
Q

(inflammatory response: Edema)
swelling pushes on …–> pain
pain also from …, …, and …

A

nerve endings;

bacterial toxins; prostaglandins; kinins

43
Q

(inflammatory response: edema) exudate to tissues:
moves foreign material into …
delivers … and …

A

lymphatic vessels;

clotting proteins; complement

44
Q

(inflammatory response) clotting factors form … –> scaffold for repair,
… injured area so invaders cannot spread

A

fibrin mesh;

isolates

45
Q

(phagocyte mobilization) … lead; … follow

A

neutrophils; macrophages

46
Q

(phagocyte mobilization) as attack continues, … arrive
12 hours after leaving bloodstream –> …
these “late arrivers” replace … and remain for clean up prior to repair

A

monocytes;
macrophages;
dying neutrophils

47
Q

(phagocyte mobilization) if inflammation due to pathogens, … activated; … elements arrive

A

complement;

adaptive immunity

48
Q

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization:

1. …: release of neutrophils from … in response to … factors from injured cells

A

leukocytosis;
bone marrow;
leukocytosis-inducing

49
Q

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization:

  1. …: neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in inflamed area in response to …
  2. … (…) of neutrophils
A

margination;
CAMs;
extravasation; diapedesis

50
Q

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization:

4. …: inflammatory chemicals (… agent) promote … of neutrophils

A

chemotaxis;
chemotactic;
positive chemotaxis

51
Q

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization:

diapedesis: neutrophils … and … of capillaries

A

flatten; squeeze out

52
Q

(antimicrobial proteins) … and … proteins:
attack microorganisms directly
hinder microorganisms’ ability to …

A

interferons; complement;

reproduce

53
Q

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons:

family of … proteins –> have slightly different physiological effects

A

immune modulating

54
Q

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons:

… cells secrete IFNs (e.g. IFN alpha and beta) to … neighboring cells

A

viral-infected;

warn

55
Q

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons:
IFNs enter neighboring cells –> produce proteins that … .and degrade …
IFN alpha and beta also activate … cells

A

block viral reproduction;
viral RNA;
NK

56
Q 
(antimicrobial proteins) interferons: 
IFN gamma (immune interferon): 
secreted by ... 
widespread ... effects 
activates ...
A

lymphocytes;
immune mobilizing;
macrophages

57
Q

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons:

since IFNs activate NK cells and macrophages, indirectly …

A

fight cancer

58
Q

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons:

artificial IFNs used to treat …, …, …, …

A

hepatitis C;
genital warts;
multiple sclerosis;
hairy cell leukemia

59
Q

(complement system) about … blood proteins that circulate in … form

A

20; inactive

60
Q

(complement system) include …-…, factors …, …, and …, and … proteins

A

C1-C9;
B, D, P;
regulatory

61
Q

(complement system) major mechanism for destroying foreign substances
our cells contain …

A

complement activation inhibitors

62
Q

(complement system) unleashes … chemicals that amplify all aspects of … response
kills bacteria and certain other cell types by …
enhances both innate and adaptive defenses

A

inflammatory;
inflammatory;
cell lysis;

63
Q

(complement activation) three pathways to activation:
classical pathway:
… bind to invading organisms and to complement components
called …
first step in activation

A

antibodies;

complement fixation

64
Q

(complement) lectin pathway:
… - produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders
when bound to foreign invaders can also … and … complement

A

lectins;

bind; activate

65
Q

(complement) alternative pathway:

triggered when activated …, …, …, and … interact on surface of microorganisms

A

C3;
B;
D;
P

66
Q

(complement) each pathway involves activation of proteins in an … sequence
each step … the next

A

orderly;

catalyzes

67
Q

(complement) each pathway converges on …, which cleaves into … and …

A

C3;
C3a;
C3b

68
Q

(complement) common terminal pathway initiated that:

enhances …, promotes .., causes …

A

inflammation;
phagocytosis;
cell lysis

69
Q

(complement activation) cell lysis begins when:

… binds to target cell –> insertion of complement proteins called … into cell’s membrane

A

C3b; membrane attack complex (MAC)

70
Q

(complement activation) MAC form and stabilizes … in membrane –> influx of … –> … of cell

A

hole;
water;
lysis

71
Q

(complement activation) C3b also causes …

C3a and other cleavage products amplify …:

A

opsonization;

inflammation

72
Q

(complement activation)
C3a and other cleavage products amplify inflammation:
stimulate … and … to release …
attract … and other inflammatory cells

A

mast cells; basophils; histamine;

neutrophils

73
Q

classical pathway: activated by … coating target cell

lectin pathway: activated by lectins binding to … on microorganism’s surface

A

antibodies;

specifice sugars

74
Q

alternative pathway:
activated …
lack of … on microorganism’s surface allows process to proceed

A

spontaneously;

inhibitors

75
Q

classical, lectin, and alternative pathways, together with other complement proteins and factors converge on C3:
C3b leads to …
C3a and C5a enhance …

A

opsonization;

inflammation

76
Q

…: coats pathogen surfaces, which enhances phagocytosis

A

opsonization

77
Q

C5a and C3b enhance inflammation by stimulating … release, increasing blood vessel …, attracting phagocytes by …

A

histamine;
permeability;
chemotaxis

78
Q

MACs form from activated … components (… and …-…) that insert into the target cell membrane, creating pores that can lyse the target cell

A

complement;
C5b;’
C6-C9

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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