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Mammalian Physiology > Lab 2 Exam Notes > Flashcards

Lab 2 Exam Notes Flashcards

1
Q

in a healthy heart, the two atria contract … As they begin to relax, the … contract simultaneously

A

simultaneously;

ventricles

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2
Q

according to general usage, the terms … and … refer to events of ventricular contraction and relaxation, respectively. the … is equivalent to one complete heartbeat–during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax. it is marked by a succession of changes in … and … within the heart;

A

systole; diastole;
cardiac cycle;
blood volume; pressure

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3
Q

during diastole, pressure in the heart is .., blood is flowing passively from the … and … circulations into the atria and on through to the ventricles; the … valves are closed and the … valves are open

A

very low;
pulmonary; systemic;
semilunar;
AV

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4
Q

atrial contraction occurs and … increases, forcing residual blood into the ventricles. then ventricular … begins and … increases rapidly, closing the AV valves

A

atrial pressure;
systole;
intraventricular pressure

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5
Q

when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the large arteries leaving the heart, the … are forced open, and the blood in the ventricular chambers is expelled through the valves. during this phase, the aortic pressure reaches about … mm Hg in a healthy young adult

A

semilunar valves; 120

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6
Q

at the end of ventricular systole, the ventricles relax; the … valves snap shut, preventing backflow, and momentarily, the ventricles are …

A

semilunar; closed chambers

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7
Q

when the aortic (semilunar) valve snaps shut, a momentary increase in the aortic pressure results from the … of the aorta after valve closure. this event results in the pressure fluctuation called the …

A

elastic recoil; dicrotic notch

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8
Q

as the ventricles relax, the pressure within them begins to drop. when intraventricular pressure is again less than atrial pressure, the … valves are forced open, and the ventricles again begin to …
atrial and aortic pressures decrease, and the ventricles rapidly refill, completing the cycle

A

AV;

fill with blood

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9
Q

the average heart beats about … beats/min, so the length of the cardiac cycle is about … s

A

75; 0.8

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10
Q

of the length of the cardiac cycle, atrial contraction occupies the first ….. s, which is followed by atrial relaxation and ventricular contraction for the next … s. the remaining 0.4 s is a period of total heart relaxation, the ….

A

0.1; 0.3;

quiescent period

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11
Q

when the heart beats at a more rapid pace than normal, the quiescent period …

A

decreases

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12
Q

notice that two different types of events control the movement of blood through the heart: the alternate … and …. of the myocardium, and the …. and … of …., which is entirely dependent on the pressure changes within the heart chambers

A

contraction; relaxation;

opening; closing; valves

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13
Q

sounds heard in the cardiovascular system result from …

A

turbulent blood flow

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14
Q

the first heart sound is referred to as … and is associated with closure of the … valves at the beginning of …

A

S1;
AV;
ventricular systole

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15
Q

the second heart sound called …, occurs as the … valves close and corresponds with the end of …

A

S2; semilunar; systole

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16
Q

abnormal heart sounds are called … and often indicate … problems

A

murmurs; valvular

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17
Q

in valves that do not close tightly, closure is followed by a swishing sound due to the backflow of blood (…)

A

regurgitation

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18
Q

distinct sounds, often described as high-pitched screeching, are associated with the tortuous flow of blood through …, or …, valves

A

constricted; stenosed

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19
Q

review where to hear heart sounds!

A
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20
Q

the … valve closes slightly before the … valve

A

mitral; tricuspid

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21
Q

mitral valve can be heard over the … of the heart, at the … intercostal space, approximately in line with the middle region of the …

A

apex;
5th;
left clavicle

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22
Q

to auscultate the tricuspid valve, listen at the … intercostal space at the …

A

5th;

right sternal margin

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23
Q

the … valve normally snaps shut just ahead of the … valve (semilunar)

A

aortic;

pulmonary

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24
Q

to hear aortic valve, auscultate over the … intercostal space to the … of the sternum

A

2nd;

right

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25
Q

to hear pulmonary valve auscultate over the … intercostal space to the … of the sternum

A

2nd;

left

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26
Q

the term … refers to the alternating surges of pressure (expansion and then recoil) in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the …

A

pulse;

left ventricle

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27
Q

this difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called the …

A

pulse pressure

28
Q

normally the … (pressure surges per minute) equals the … (beats per minute)

A

pulse rate; heart rate

29
Q

the pulse averages … to … beats per minute in the resting state

A

70; 76

30
Q

you may also assess the :
… (or …)
…. and/or… does the blood vessel expand and recoil (sometimes visibly) with the pressure waves

of the pulse

A

regularity; rhythmicity;

amplitude; tension

31
Q

(pulse points) …; anterior to the ear, in the temple region

A

superficial temporal artery

32
Q

(pulse points) …: clench the teeth, and palpate the pulse just anterior to the masseter muscle on the mandible (in line with the corner of the mouth)

A

facial artery

33
Q

(pulse points) …: at the side of the neck

A

common carotid artery

34
Q

(pulse points) …: in the cubital fossa, at the point where it bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries

A

brachial artery

35
Q

(pulse points) …: at the lateral aspect of the wrist, above the thumb

A

radial artyer

36
Q

(pulse points) …: in the groin

A

femoral artery

37
Q

(pulse points) …: at the back of the knee

A

popliteal artery

38
Q

(pulse points) …: just above the medial malleolus

A

posterior tibial artery

39
Q

(pulse points) …: on the dorsum of the foot

A

dorsalis pedis artery

40
Q

Due to the elasticity of the arteries, blood pressure… and …as blood moves farther away from the heart

A

decreases; smooths out

41
Q

the … (actually the counting of heartbeats) may be slightly faster than the radial because of a slight lag in time as the blood rushes from the heart into the large arteries where it can be palpated. however, any large difference between the values observed is referred to as a …,

A

apical pulse; pulse deficit

42
Q

pulse deficit may indicate … (a weakened heart that is unable to pump blood into the arterial tree to a normal extent)
low …
or abnormal …

A

cardiac impairment;
cardiac output;
heart rhythms

43
Q

in the case of … or …, the second beat may follow the first so quickly that no second pulse is felt even though the apical pulse can still be auscultated

A

atrial fibrillation; ectopic heartbeats

44
Q

… is defined as the pressure the blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls, and it is generally measured in the arteries

A

blood pressure

45
Q

Because the heart alternately contracts and relaxes, the resulting rhythmic flow of blood into the arteries causes the blood pressure to rise and fall during each beat. Thus you must take two blood pressure readings: the … which is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular ejection, and the … which reflects the pressure during ventricular relaxation.

A

systolic pressure; diastolic pressure,

46
Q

The…, commonly called a blood pressure cuff, is an instrument used to obtain blood pressure readings by the auscultatory method

A

sphygmomanometer

47
Q

As cuff pressure is gradually released, the examiner listens with a stethoscope for characteristic sounds called the …, which indicate the resumption of blood flow into the forearm

A

sounds of Korotkoff

48
Q

The pressure at which the first soft tapping sounds can be detected is recorded as the… pressure. As the pressure is reduced further, blood flow becomes more …, and the sounds become louder. As the pressure is reduced still further, below the diastolic pressure, the artery is no longer…; and blood flows freely and without turbulence. At this point, the sounds of Korotkoff can no longer be detected.

A

systolic;
turbulent;
compressed;

49
Q

The pressure at which the sounds disappear is recorded as the… pressure.

A

diastolic

50
Q

The … is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, and it indicates the amount of blood forced from the heart during systole, or the actual “working” pressure.

A

pulse

pressure

51
Q

A narrowed pulse pressure (less than 30 mm Hg) may be a signal of severe …, …., or ….

A

aortic stenosis;
constrictive pericarditis;
tachycardia;

52
Q

A widened pulse pressure (over 40 mm Hg) is common in… individuals.

A

hypertensive

53
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP) =

A

diastolic + pulse pressure/3

54
Q

It is not possible to measure venous pressure with the sphygmomanometer. The methods available for measuring it produce… at best, because venous pressures are so much… than arterial pressures.

A

estimates; lower

55
Q

Pv (venous pressure) =

A

1.056 (specific gravity of blood) * mm (measured)/ 13.6 (specific gravity of Hg)

56
Q

arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to cardiac output, and peripheral resistance to blood flow, that is, BP =

A

CO * PR

57
Q

Peripheral resistance is increased by
blood vessel… (most importantly the …),
by an increase in …, and
by a loss of … of the arteries (seen in arteriosclerosis).

A

constriction; arterioles;
blood viscosity;
elasticity

58
Q

Any factor that increases either the … or the … causes an almost immediate reflex rise in blood pressure.

A

cardiac output; peripheral resistance

59
Q 
A close examination of these relationships reveals that many factors—
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
various ... 
—alter blood pressure.
A 
age; 
weight; 
time of day; 
exercise; 
body position; 
emotional state; 
drugs
60
Q

…. (stable blood pressure): Exhibit a rise of diastolic and/or systolic pressure ranging from 0 to 22 mm Hg or a drop in pressures

A

Hyporeactors

61
Q

… (labile blood pressure): Exhibit a rise of 23 mm Hg or more in the diastolic and/or systolic blood pressure

A

Hyperreactors

62
Q

… reveals with surprising accuracy the state of the local circulation, and allows inferences concerning the larger blood vessels and the circulation as a whole

A

Skin color

63
Q

… skin should immediately lead the careful diagnostician to suspect that the circulation is dangerously inefficient.

A

pale, cold, clammy

64
Q

The local blood supply to the skin (indeed, to any tissue) is influenced by

(1) local …,
(2) …,
(3) local …,
(4) … impulses,
(5) local …,
(6) certain …, and
(7) substances released by …

A 
local metabolites; 
oxygen supply; 
temperature;
autonomic nervous system;
vascular reflexes; 
hormones;
injured tissues
65
Q

an organ may remain viable even though its main arterial supply is occluded, as long as the…. are still functional.

A

collateral vessels

66
Q

…, a condition in which the direct line of mechanical stimulation to the skin will swell quite obviously

A

dermatographism

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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